托业语法辅导：名词词组与动名词
英语语法的学习需要我们长期的学习和训练，为了帮助大家在托业考试语法题中不丢分，下面小编给大家带来托业语法辅导：名词词组与动名词。
托业语法辅导：名词词组与动名词
名词短语或动名词主句(或者从句)中做主语或者宾语。
A.语法复习由名词构成名词词组的几种方法
1. n. + adj.短语，如the jobs available to women
2. n. +介词短语，如a child with reading problem
3. adv. + v.-ed + n.，如seemingly limited number
4. n. + v.-ed短语或者-ing短语
5. n. of sth
B.例题?
例题1(1999年1月考题)____in the desert is mainly due to the limited supply of desert water.
(A) Plants are widely spaced
(B) The spacing of plants is wide
(C) Plants to be spaced widely
(D) The wide spacing of plants
首先分析句子结构。该句的主干是：is due to the limited supply.这里，句子缺主语。所以，空格中应该填入名词或者名词词组。选项A和B都是完整的主谓结构，而非名词或名词词组。根据due to的用法，我们又能排除C，所以正确答案是D.
例题2(1999年1月考题)
Most leaves are coated with a waterproof _____， or cuticle.
(A) that the covering
(B) and is covering
(C) covering
(D) by covering
这已经是一个简单的句子结构，即主谓完整。如果你认识waterproof这个词，你就知道空格里应该填入名词。因为waterproof是形容词，它只能修饰名词或者动名词。(这里的waterproof不能表示类别做名词，因为前面的冠词是a而不是the)你也可以根据平行结构，由or cuticle判断空格里应该填入名词或者动名词。(cuticle：表皮)而4个选项中只有C是名词或者动名词。?
例题3(1999年8月考题)
The term belles-lettres is used to denote literary forms that contain_____， such as drama， poetry， essays， and novels.
(A) artistic， creative writing
(B) writing that artistic， creative
(C) artistic， creative， and writing
(D) them is artistic， creative writing
首先，分析句子结构。该句子的主干是：The term belles-lettres is used to denote literary forms.后面的that引导的从句修饰名词词组literary forms，contain是动词(包含)，后面应该带名词或名词词组。不但如此，such as这个短语引出的drama， poetry， essays， and novels应该是空格的同位语，再次说明空格内应填入名词或名词词组。选项A正好是能做contain的宾语的名词短语。其中，形容词artistic和creative修饰动名词writing，组成名词词组。选项B中的that后面缺少助动词is.选项D也能构筑一个完整的句子结构，但是表达甚是累赘，而且代词them指代错误(them指代forms)。所以，正确答案是A.?
例题4(1999年8月考题)
Paul Samuelson revolutionized _____by presenting his students with the most advanced economic thinking at an introductory level.
(A) to teach economics
(B) the teaching of economics
(C) teaching that economics is
(D) economics is taught
首先，分析句子结构。空格后的by引导的动作做方式状语(by presenting his students with the most advanced economic thinking as an introductory level)，句子的主干是Paul Samuelson revolutionized ______.由动词revolutionized(对……进行革命)的用法得出，其后应该填入名词或者名词词组，以构成完整的主谓宾结构(如果谓语动词作及物动词，句子的完整结构应该包含主谓宾结构;如果谓语动词作非及物动词，句子的完整结构是主谓结构)。对于选项A，动词revolutionize并没有revolutionize to do sth的用法，也就是说revolution做动词时，即revolutionize是及物动词，后不加不定式。选项B正好是可构成宾语的名词词组。对于选项C，其中的that economics is用法错误，因为它不能当从句修饰可做名词的动名词teaching.而对于选项D，它是一个完整的主谓结构，填入空格中根本没法形成一个结构合理的句子。
托业考试语法题练习
1. Most doctors of the Colonial period believed _______ was caused by an imbalance of humors in the body.
A. in disease
B. that disease
C. of disease
D. about disease
答案:B
分析:动词believe 的用法:直接加that引导的宾语从句.这里that为连接adv.,在句中不作任何成分,其后接完整句.
参考译文:大多数殖民时期的医生认为疾病来源人体内不平衡的体液.
2. In 1976 Sarah Caldwell became _________ at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.
A. she was the first woman to conduct
B. the first woman conductor
C. the woman was first conducting
D. the woman conducts first
答案:B
分析:缺宾语,答案中只有B,D可以作宾语,但D的语序不对.
参考译文:1976,Sarah Caldwell成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House演出的演奏家.
补充: 常考 the first/second/… one to do sth
3. On January 7, 1955, Marian Anderson became _________ to sing a major role at New York City's Metropolitan Opera House.
A. the first African American
B. the first African American was
C. she was the first African American
D. when the first African American
答案:A
分析:缺宾语,C, D都不能作宾语.一句话中只能有一个谓语,而B中有was,句中出现两个谓语,一定错.
参考译文:1955年1月7号,Marian Anderson成为在第一个在纽约Metropolitan Opera House担任主唱的美籍黑人.
4. Perhaps the most significant postwar trend was the decentralization of cities throughout the United States, _________ when massive highway-building programs permitted greater suburban growth.
A. and accelerated a phenomenon
B. a phenomenon that accelerated
C. accelerating a phenomenon which,
D. the acceleration of which phenomenon
答案:B
分析:考的是同位语结构,a phenomenon是 the decentralization of cities throughout the United States 的同位语.A中and为conj.,后面应该连接一个完整的句子,但缺主语,错;C中语序混乱,错; D中of which作为介词宾语,后面应该接一个完整句,但只有一个phenomenon主语,句子不完整,错.
参考译文:可能战后最重大的趋势就是美国城市的分散化,当大规模高速公路建设项目容许了更大程度的发展郊区,这个现象更被促进了.
补充: accelerate/ accomplish/ achieve/ evolve都可以是vi.不接宾语
5. Ronald Reagan had served two terms as governor of California before _________ President.
A. he became
B. when becoming
C. beca ame
D. did he become
答案:A
分析:before为状语从句引导词conj,后面一般引导一个完整的句子.B同时出现两个状语从句引导词,错;C缺主语;D应该为正常语序,选项中使用了倒装句式,错.
6. _________, domesticated grapes grow in clusters, range in color from pale green to black, and contain sugar in varying quantities.
A. Their botanical classification as berries
B. Although their botanical classification as berries
C. Because berries being their botanical classification
D. Classified botanically as berries
答案:D
分析:句子的主语是grapes , 后面是平行结构grow…, range…, and contain….空格后的句子已完整,那么空格处就应该是同位语,状语从句,分词等修饰成分.A中Their指代不明,而且classification和berries也不相符,错;B中Although为conj.,后面应该是完整句,错;C中Because为conj.,后面应该是完整句,错.
参考译文:培植的葡萄的植物分类跟浆果是一样的,它们成串的长在树上,颜色从灰白色到黑色,并且包含由不同数量的糖份.
7. The cymbal is_________in the military band and is also frequently used in modern orchestral music.
A. a basic instrument
B. basic instrument
C. how basic an instrument it is
D. as an instrument is basic
答案:A
分析:instrument可数,前面应该有限定词前为一简单句.
参考译文:铙钹在军乐队里是一个基本的乐器,而且还经常在现代管弦乐里使用.
8. In instrumentalist philosophy, ideas and knowledge are exclusively functional processes: they are of significance only _________ instrumental in the development of experience.
A. as they are
B. are they
C. there are
D. are
答案:A
分析:两个谓语需要有一个conj.来连接.一个句子中出现2个谓语且没有连接词就一定错.
参考译文:在乐器演奏家的哲学里面,思想和知识是专有排外性的功能性的过程.他们的重要意义仅限于在经验发展的过程中,用于乐器演奏.
9. _________ either by cooling or by depriving the fire of oxygen, and most do both.
A. Working fire extinguishers
B. Fire extinguishers that work
C. Fire extinguishers work
D. The work of fire extinguishers
答案:C
分析:空格中缺主谓.A中没有谓语;B中that多余,因为句中只有一个谓语;D也没有谓语.
参考译文:灭火器的通过冷却或者减少火中的氧气的方法工作的,大多数时候两个方法都会用到.
10. The introduction of mass-production methods enabled many people _________ and gave them an unprecedented amount of mobility.
A. to purchase their own automobiles
B. their own to purchase automobiles
C. to their own purchase automobiles
D. own their automobiles to purchase
答案:A
分析:为固定结构enable sb to do sth.
参考译文:规模生产方法的产生,使得人们能够买自己的车,并获得了空前的灵活性。
托业关键词汇短语与句型
1. “家庭话题”关键词汇、短语和常用句型
2. 实例： Narrator：
Now first listen to a conversation about the family and say something about Brian‘s family.
Please Listen Carefully.
Lin： Brian， what‘s up? You look unhappy.
Brian： Oh， nothing particular， Lin. Just that I miss my family terribly.
Lin： Me too. How many people are there in your family?
Brian： Four. My parents， my elder sister and I.
Lin： What do they do?
Brian： My father works in a computer company， and my mother is a nurse. My older sister studies in Beijing， and we email each other fairly often.
Lin： Are your parents strict with you?
Brian： Yes， I think so. When I was at home， I had to clean my own room， help with house chores， finish my homework before dinner time， get back home no later than 9：00 in the evening， and so no.
Lin： That‘s good for you. Do you get along well with your family?
Brian： Sure. I‘m lucky to live in a strict yet loving family. I love them.
Narrator：
You may begin to prepare your response after the beep.
[2 seconds beep]
Preparation time： 15 seconds
Response time： 45 seconds
Narrator：
Please begin speaking after the beep.
[2 seconds beep]
Suggested Answer：
There are four members in Brian‘s family， his father， his mother， the elder sister and him. His father works in a computer company， and his mother is a nurse in a hospital. His older sister studies in Beijing， and they get in touch with each other by email. His parents are strict with him. When he was at home， he had to clean his own room， help with house chores， finish his homework before dinner time and get back home before 9：00. In short， Brian lives in a strict yet loving family.
阅读辅导：托业阅读方法指导
一、单词：准备单词卡片，循环背诵
一般托业阅读中涉及词汇量比较大，考生至少具备4000左右词汇量。单词贫乏的考生，一定要及时补充词汇，打下扎实的基础。在应试时很容易遗忘或混淆单词的意义，为了避免类似情况发生，一定要加强单词意义的理解。对此，考生可以制作单词卡片，正反面各写英文和中文解释。制订计划每天背一定量的生词，循环背诵并不断补充。当然，最有效的是阅读文章时记忆单词。
二、句子：参考上下文，分析主谓结构
在句子理解方面，考生最容易犯的错误就是根据自己已有经验片面理解。在阅读中有的题目考的是对于文章中某一句子的理解，要参考上下文客观地看问题。考生应对一些复合句，尤其是双重否定句、比较句、指代句等有较深了解。特别在遇到复杂句时，应静心思考，从把握句子主干一一主谓结构着手来分析解剖句子结构。
三、阅读扫描全文，做出标记
在阅读考试中要追求速度(speed)与准确度(accuracy)的完美结合。快而不准或准而太慢都会影响考分。考生在勤奋练习的时候掌握一些阅读技巧将达到事半功倍的效果。快速阅读最关键的是在扫描全文的时候把握每段的主旨，并做出标记，在看完全文后对文章的结构主题有大致的了解。此外，考生以单词为单位看文章，遇生词就停顿等坏习惯都要极力避免。
