当前位置

首页 > 英语学习 > 英语学习方法 > 托福独立写作ETS最爱的让步段怎么写(附模板)

托福独立写作ETS最爱的让步段怎么写(附模板)

推荐人: 来源: 阅读: 5.81K 次

写好托福写作的让步段是提高托福作文分数的一个好方法,为了帮助大家备考,下面小编给大家带来托福独立写作ETS最爱的让步段怎么写(附模板),来看看吧!

托福独立写作ETS最爱的让步段怎么写(附模板)

托福独立写作ETS最爱的让步段怎么写(附模板)

下面的一个场景不知道大家是否有些熟悉,比如在肥皂剧里经常会有这样一个情节:

一个女孩迎着一个男孩热切的眼神,颇为羞涩的说:“我知道,你是一个好人。但是,我觉得我们不合适。”

传说中杀伤力巨大的好人卡有木有?!男孩瞬间受到一万点伤害!

然而,如果我跟你讲,有人颇为享受这种好人卡攻击,你会怎么想?

很变态有木有?!对,ETS就是这样一个变态的机构,简称“一坨屎”…

所以今天我们就来讲讲 ETS特别喜欢的一种论证段落:让步段,其论述方式其实就是好人卡模式攻击,瞬间的大规模杀伤力足以让ETS评分的考官欲仙欲死。

让步段的本质就是:提出对方的观点+随后攻击该观点。这里要引起注意的是,攻击该观点这一步非常重要,不然就会让你的文章对不起观众了。

试想一下,当你在电视剧里看到以下场景:

我知道,你是一个好人。所以——

我们就在一起愉快的玩耍吧!

如果你是电视机前的观众会是什么反应?一定是内心中万千只神兽奔腾而过,导演,她出门没有看剧本!!!

所以,如果不按常理出牌,那后果往往是很严重的。

ETS之所以喜欢看到让步段,官方说法是因为他们认为写了让步段的孩子都是具有批判思维能力的折翼天使,而私下里的原因,当然是因为他们都是受虐狂啦。

而对于我们来说, 写让步段的好处一方面可以在我们只能想出两个理由的时候救救急,撑满我们的字数,另一方面也可以让我们提前设计好更多的套路,迎合考官的口味,从而拿到一个更好的分数。

就比如我们拿到一个题目:尝试新事物好还是做已经做得很好的事情比较好。

如果我想要证明尝试新事物好,那我一般会先列举两个理由,比如说尝试新事物可以让我们有全新的经验啦,可以激发我们其他的兴趣啦,之类的巴拉巴拉。

然后我会来一个让步段:不可否认,做已经做得很好的事情也有它的好处,比如说可以提高成功率,提高效率。但是,重复的内容不会激发人的创造力,所以无法获得真正伟大的成功。

看到了吧,其实很简单,就是两步,先承认你好,然后再砍你一刀,当中用一个however。

所以,我们可以看出,最重要的一步是后面的攻击,只要我们攻击的好,整个让步段就自然成立了。

那么如何想法子攻击一个我们已经承认的观点呢?这里总结了三种思路,可供大家自由选择。

思路一:措施解决法

比如我们经常会遇到A好还是B好,或者A到底好不好之类的话题,这时我们的让步段可以写成这样的模式:我承认B好,但是A通过采取措施,也可以达到类似的效果。或者,我知道A有不好的地方,但是通过采取措施,A的负面影响可以克服或者消除。

这种方法的经典句式为:

Admittedly, a minority of individuals tend to believe that … inevitably has several drawbacks, one of which is … because… However, those people have oversimplified the real situations as some effective measures have been taken by sb. such as doing … Therefore, … will not cause serious problems to …

思路二:转换角度法

俗话说,Every sword has two edges,凡事总有两面。所以当我们承认B好,或者A好的时候,肯定换一个角度就可以得到不同的答案了。就比如说题目里问看电视对孩子是好是坏,我们如果想论证看电视不好,那么我们的让步段就可以写:

姑且承认看电视也有好的地方,比如说孩子可以接触很多即时的信息。但是,在接触到好的信息的同时,那些暴力色情之类的信息也同样会影响到孩子的成长。

这种方法的经典句式为:

Admittedly, … However, if we can view such a situation from a different perspective, we can find that those people oversimplified the real situations…

思路三:更好替代法

这种模式主要用于论证A好不好,我们如果想表明觉得A不好的时候,让步段就可以采用这个形式:诚然,A也有好的地方,但是有更为经济和有效的替代方法,而且这种替代方法自身也存在优势,所以我们不想要A。

这种方法的经典句式为:

Admittedly, … However, we can find better choices to achieve such a goal. For example, … can be easily achieved by …, which has the competition advantage of … compared with …

好啦,三种思路就先介绍到这里。其实让步段形成套路以后很容易,只需要我们有一点辩证的思维。这里需要注意的是,我们首先承认的那个观点应该是比较好反驳的,容易让我们攻击的就行。

让步段的写作可以说是一举多得,基本已经成为了托福高分作文的标配之一。所以童鞋们如果想要冲击托福写作满分的话,这种技巧就一定要掌握了。

托福写作的提纲构思小技巧

一、通常情况下,给大家推荐五段三点式文章结构

即Introduction一段,Body三段,和Conclusion一段。一般第一段会用2-4句话陈述自己的观点,大约60字左右。第二到四段从三个方面论述自己的观点,每段约100字。结尾段用1-3句话总结自己的观点,大约40个字。那么如何具体规划每一个段落呢?

开头段主要用以下几种方法来组织,即背景法 (Background),争议法(Controversy),提问法(Question),故事法(Story)和引言法(Quotation)。以背景法为例,背景法一般会提出一种普遍的或值得关注的现象作为背景,或者是由远到近、由大到小地谈论紧扣论题的社会观点作为背景。

背景法开头段的结构通常是:背景(1-3句)+论题+反方观点+(反方理由)+过度+(正方观点)+作者的观点+作者的理由。

以2007年8月11日的独立写作试题为例:Technology makes people's lives more complicated. 题目涉及到了现今社会比较热门的话题——科技。这样,我们就可以以这种社会比较关注的现象作为我们作文的开头背景。因此这个题目的首段就可以这样开始:Technology has had tremendous impacts on every aspect of modern life. However, people are having conflicting opinions about whether it has made people's lives more complicated or not. I believe technology has by and large made our lives more convenient。第一句话就紧贴社会的背景,这样写不但很容易打开考生自己的思路,抓住作文的焦点,还能引起考官的共鸣。

中间段落的文章结构通常如下:Transitional words + topic sentence + development。如果考生在平时能熟练运用这样的一个结构来展开作文,那么考场上就会凭借这份思维定势来帮助自己抓住每一分。

中间三个段落都可以套用这种模式。Transitional words主要有以下三种,即表顺序:firstly, secondly, finally (last but not least);表并列:besides, in addition;表对比:in contrast, in comparison。这些衔接词会让文章看起来脉络清晰,组织严密,也就做到了评分标准中的"well-organized"一条。

二、重视主题句

主题句,顾名思义,向考官展示的是考生作文的主要意旨所以它在中间段落中的作用是至关重要的。通常主题句应该注意以下几点:

1.主题句必须是陈述句。有的考生想在写作中创新,于是采用反问句或者其他看似多样化的句型,然而这种多样性带来的后果是给考官观点不明确的印象,很自然地会影响到分数。

2.必须标明观点。如果考生把一句无关痛痒的话放在主题句的位置上,很显然无法表明自身观点。比如像“今天是晴天”这样的话没有表明观点;然而“今天是个好天气”就包含一种感情色彩在里面,给人一种立场明确的感觉。考生应该切记:没有反驳余地的就不可以作为主题句。

3.态度必须坚决,但是不能极端。

4.每段必须有主题句。理论上讲没有主题句是可以的,但是考场上不可以,没有主题就会浪费考官的时间去帮你总结主题,然而繁忙的考官是不会那么善良地去分析你的题目来抓取你的观点的。

托福写作中如何讲究字词造句

托福写作字词句段的讲究是很常见的,其中处于中心部分的便是句,要知道新托福写作要求大家对于用词以及句子的表达要求都是比较高的。好的句子会使你的作文内容丰富,而且还能够帮助解决文章框架单一的问题。下面小编整理了一些托福写作常用的句子和句型,和大家分享。希望备考托福的考生,可以运用这些句子来优化作文内容。

I 准确的句子表达

1. 句型分析

英语的句型包括以下几种,简单句、复合句、并列句、并列复合句等。在新托福写作中,一般使用复合句,辅以并列句和并列复合句,当然肯定要有简单句,做到长短句相结合。下面摘抄几个句子给大家认识并分析一下复合句和并列复合句。

a. Even though I usually know what I have to say, I cannot always express myself correctly in English.

这句话是一个复合句,由even though引导的让步状语从句。

b. This challenges me to practice my spoken English, with the result that I can complete the speaking tasks more fluently and quickly.

这句话中是一个复合句。with介词结构中,有一个that引导的同位语从句对result进行解释说明。

c. I think this is less than ideal because any differences in opinion become personal conflicts, and therefore that might jeopardize the employee’s job.

托福写作辅导指出上句话是一个并列复杂句。and 连接了两个句子,是一个并列句;because引导的原因状语从句。

d. Shallow writing is indicative of weak critical-thinking skills, and such writing, which is often described as “sophomoric”, receives low mark.

这句话同样是并列复杂句。由and连接两个句子,成为并列句,再一个which引导的定语从句。

2. 有问题的托福写作句子的列举

托福写作中的句子容易出现三个问题:一是使用破碎句,二是使用接连句,三是句子连接不正确。

1). 破碎句

所谓破碎句,就是句子不完整,通常是没有谓语(或者说谓语是动词的非谓语形式,如分词),或者是从句单独成句。

破碎句:She singing alone. (无谓语,singing是现在分词)

正确句:She is singing alone.

破碎句:He did not come. Because he was sick. (从句单独成句)

正确句:He did not come because he was sick.

2).接连句

所谓接连据,就是两个句子直接连在一起,既未使用连词,也未使用正确的标点符号。

接连句: Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers they have greater freedom in planning their time.

正确句一: Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers. However, they have greater freedom in planning their time.

正确句二: Professionals such as lawyers or accountants usually work longer hours than factory workers; however, they have greater freedom in planning their time.

3).句子连接不正确

所谓托福写作句子连接不正确,就是两个独立的句子之间以逗号连接,这是不合英语语法的。正确的做法是以连词、分号、冒号、句号等连接两个句子。

不正确句: Breaking chalk into two pieces is a physical change, there is no change in the composition of the chalk.

正确句: Breaking chalk into two pieces is a physical change, so there is no change in the composition of the chalk.

II 高分表达

除了在句式上长短句相结合准确表达外,朗阁海外考试研究中心建议新托福考生要使用一些特殊的句式,以使句型多样化。句型多样化也是作文得到高分的条件之一。除了我们之前经常提到的高分句式,如倒装句、强调句、状语前置、插入语等,笔者还提出另外一个句式的多样变化,即主语多样化。下面笔者将列举几个句子概括介绍前面四种句型,而重点分析主语多样化。

正常句: Luck only works in extreme cases.

倒装句: Only in extreme cases does luck work.(否定词位于句首的倒装。)

正常句: The internet provides people access to the latest information.

强调句: It is the internet that provides people access to the latest information. (强调the internet)

正常句: The environment has been deteriorating severely along with the development of industry.

状语前置句: Along with the accelerating development of industry, the environment has been deteriorating severely.

正常句: However, new zoos try to duplicate animals’ natural habitats as much as possible and give animals a comfortable amount of space.

插入语: New zoos, however, try to duplicate animals’ natural habitats as much as possible and give animals a comfortable amount of space. (连词however做插入语)

主语多样

1. 她突然想到了一个主意。

She suddenly had an idea.

通常情况下,考生会马上对这句话进行翻译,基本不会动句子结构。但是以人作为主语的英语句子总是不能够很吸引人,所以这个句子如果稍微做下修改,以后面的宾语“主意”做主语,这个句子会发生一些变化。来源:考试大-托福考试An idea suddenly occurred to her.

2. 他开车心不在焉,几乎闯祸。

He was absent-minded when driving, and almost caused an accident.

这句话依然是拿人做主语,稍微改一下,把心不在焉这个形容词的名词形式做主语,会大不相同。

His absence of mind during driving nearly caused an accident.

3. 美利坚合众国创立于1789年。

The United States of America was founded in 1789.

这句话没有任何错误,但是不够多样,可以用时间作主语。

The year 1789 witnessed the founding of the United States of America.

III 实用句型

在托福写作文章的最后,朗阁海外考试研究中心为大家列举几个新托福考试中可以使用的套用句型,为一些写句子摸不着头绪的考生提供帮助。

1. It pays to make great efforts to prepare for toefl-ibt.

努力准备新托福考试是值得的。

2. Nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的了。

3. The reason why the white-collars suffer increasing work-related stress is that they pursue work achievement in career.

白领压力日益增加的原因是他们在事业上有所追求。

4. It is time the related department took proper measures.

(虚拟句式)相关部门早该采取适当的措施了。

托福范文:是否支持社区建高中学校

It has recently been announced that a new high school may be built in your community. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use specific reasons and details in your answer.

「范文」 A New High School in the Community

Education is a top priority for every society, and the better the educational facilities are, the more likely it is that students will succeed. Their success will in turn be of benefit to the society as a whole. Because I support investment in education, I would welcome a new high school in my community. Furthermore, I believe a high school would benefit the community in the following ways.

First, the students who live in my community would no longer have to travel very far to attend school. This would save them a great deal of time, which they could then spend studying, relaxing, or helping their families. Second, with a redistribution of students between the school they used to go to and the new high school, both schools would be less crowded. This would enable students to receive more personal attention and a higher quality of education. Third, a high school can offer many advantages to the community as a whole. Residents may use some of its facilities, such as the sports ground, or attend concerts and other events in the auditorium.

In conclusion, I believe that a new high school would benefit any community. It would help not only the students and their families, but also other residents of the neighborhood. Therefore, I would wholeheartedly support the building of a new high school in my neighborhood.