培根经典散文

弗朗西斯·培根是英国文艺复兴时期最重要的散文家、哲学家。他不但在文学、哲学上多有建树，在自然科学领域里，也取得了重大成就。他的第一部重要著作《随笔》最初发表于1597年，以后又逐年增补。该书文笔言简意赅、智睿夺目，它包含许多洞察秋毫的经验之谈，其中不仅论及政治而且还探讨许多人生哲理。下面本站小编为大家带来培根经典散文，希望大家喜欢!

　培根经典散文：论结婚与独身

He that hath wife and children, hath given hostages to fortune; for they are impediment to great enterprises, either of virtue, or mischief. Certainly, the best works, and of greatest merit for the public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; which both in affection, and means, have married and endowed the public. Yet it were great reason, that those that have children, should have greatest care of future times; unto which, they know, they must transmit their dearest pledges. Some there are, who though they lead a single life, yet their thoughts do end with themselves, and account future times impertinences. Nay, there are some other, that account wife and children but as bills of charges. Nay more, there are some foolish rich covetous men, that take a pride in having no children, because they may be thought so much the richer.

有妻与子的人已经向命运之神交了抵押品了;因为妻与子是大事底阻挠物，无论是大善举或大恶行。无疑地，最好，最有功于公众的事业是出自无妻或无子的人的;这些人在情感和金钱两方面都可说是娶了公众并给以奁资了。然而依理似乎有子嗣的人应当最关心将来，他们知道他们一定得把自己最贵重的保证交代给将来的。有些人虽然过的是独身生活，他们的思想却仅限于自身，把将来认为无关紧要。并且有些人把妻与子认为仅仅是几项开销。尤有甚者，有些愚而富的悭吝人竟以无子嗣自豪，以为如此则他们在别人眼中更显得富有了。

For perhaps, they have heard some talk; Such an one is a great rich man; and another except to it; Yea, but he hath a great charge of children: as if it were an abatement to his riches. But the most ordinary cause of a single life is liberty; especially in certain self-pleasing and humorous minds, which are so sensible of every restraint, as they will go near to think their girdles and garters to be bonds and shackles.

也许他们听过这样的话：一人说，“某某人是个大富翁”，而另一人不同意地说，“是的，可是他有很大的儿女之累”，好象儿女是那人底财富底削减似的。然而独身生活底最普通的原因则是自由，尤其在某种自喜而且任性的人们方面为然，这些人对于各种的约束都很敏感，所以差不多连腰带袜带都觉得是锁链似的。

Unmarried men are best friends; best masters; best servants; but not always best subjects; for they are light to run away; and almost all fugitives are of that condition. A single life doth well with church men: for charity will hardly water the ground, where it must first fill a pool. It is indifferent for judges and magistrates: for if they be facile, and corrupt, you shall have a servant five times worse than a wife. For soldiers, I find the generals commonly in their hortatives, put men in mind of their wives and children: and I think the despising of marriage amongst the Turks, maketh the vulgar soldier more base. Certainly, wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity: and single men though they be many times more charitable, because their means are less exhaust; yet, on the other side, they are more cruel, and hard hearted (good to make severe inquisitors), because their tenderness is not so oft called upon. Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly loving husbands; as was said of Ulysses; vetulam suam praetulit immortalitati.

独身的人是最好的朋友，最好的主人，最好的仆人，但是并非最好的臣民;因为他们很容易逃跑，差不多所有的逃人都是独身的。独身生活适于僧侣之流，因为慈善之举若先须注满一池，则难于灌溉地面也。独身于法官和知事则无甚关系，因为假如他们是易欺而贪污的，则一个仆人之恶将五倍于一位夫人之恶也。至于军人，窃见将帅激厉士卒时，多使他们忆及他们底妻子儿女;又窃以为土耳其人之不尊重婚姻使一般士兵更为卑贱也。妻子和儿女对于人类确是一种训练;而独身的人，虽然他们往往很慷慨好施，因为他们底钱财不易消耗，然而在另一方面他们较为残酷狠心(作审问官甚好)，因为他们不常有用仁慈之处也。庄重的人，常受风俗引导，因而心志不移，所以多是情爱甚笃的丈夫;如古人谓攸立西斯：“他宁要他底老妻而不要长生”者是也。

Chaste women are often proud and forward, as presuming upon the merit of their chastity. It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do, if she find him jealous. Wives are young men's mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men's nurses. So as a man may have a quarrel to many, when he will. But yet, he was reputed one of the wise men, mat made answer to the question, when a man should marry? A young man not yet, an elder man not at all. It is often seen, that bad husbands have very good wives; whether it be, that it raiseth the price of their husband's kindness, when it comes; or that the wives take a pride in their patience. But this never fails, if the bad husbands were of their own choosing, against their friends' consent; for then, they will be sure to make good their own folly.

贞节的妇人往往骄傲不逊，一若她们是自恃贞节也者。假如一个妇人相信她底丈夫是聪慧的，那就是最好的使她保持贞操及柔顺的维系;然而假如这妇人发现丈夫妒忌心重，她就永不会以为他是聪慧的了。妻子是青年人底情人，中年人底伴侣，老年人底看护。所以一个人只要他愿意，任何时候都有娶妻底理由。然而有一个人，人家问他，人应当在什么时候结婚?他答道：“年青的人还不应当，年老的人全不应当”。这位也被人称为智者之一。常见不良的丈夫多有很好的妻子;其原因也许是因为这种丈夫底好处在偶尔出现的时候更显得可贵，也许是因为做妻子的以自己底耐心自豪。但是这一点是永远不错的，就是这些不良的丈夫必须是做妻子的不顾亲友之可否而自己选择的，因为如此她们就一定非补救自己底失策不可也。

　培根经典散文：论父母与子嗣

The joys of parents are secret; and so are their griefs, and fears: they cannot utter the one; nor they will not utter the other. Children sweeten labours; but they make misfortunes more bitter they increase the cares of life; but they mitigate the

remembrance of death. The perpetuity by generation is common to beasts; but memory, merit, and noble works, are proper to men: and surely a man shall see the noblest works and foundations have proceeded from childless men; which have sought to express the images of their minds where those of their bodies have failed: so the care of posterity is most in them that have no posterity. They that are the first raisers of then-houses, are most indulgent towards their children; beholding them, as the continuance, not only of their kind, but of their work; and so both children and creatures.

父母底欢欣是秘而不宣的，他们底忧愁与畏惧亦是如此。他们底欢欣他们不能说，他们底忧惧他们也不肯说。子嗣使劳苦变甜，但是也使不幸更苦。他们增加人生底忧虑，但是他们减轻关于死亡的记忆。由生殖而传种是动物同有的;但是名声、德行与功业则是人类特有的;而最伟大的事业是从无后嗣的人来的这种事实也是确实可见的;这些人是在他们底躯体底影象无从表现之后努力想表现他们精神底影象的。所以，无后代的人倒是最关心后代的人了。首先树立家业的人们是对于他们底子嗣最为纵容的;他们把子嗣看做不但是本族底继嗣，而且也是自己事业底继续;因此，他们对自己底子嗣与自己所造的事物都是一样的看法。

The difference in affection of parents towards their several children is many times unequal; and sometimes unworthy; especially in the mother, as Solomon saith; A wise son rejoiceth the father, but an ungracious son shames the mother.

父母对子嗣之间的慈爱往往是不平均的，而且有时是不合理的。尤其以母亲底爱为然;如所罗门所说：“智慧之子使父亲欢乐，愚昧之子使母亲蒙羞”。

A man shall see, where there is a house full of children, one or two of the eldest respected, and the youngest made wantons; but in the midst, some mat are, as it were forgotten, who many times, nevertheless, prove the best The illiberality of parents, in allowance towards their children, is an harmful error, makes them base; acquaints them with shifts; makes them sort with mean company; and makes them surfeit more, when they come to plenty: and therefore, the proof is best, when men keep their authority towards their children, but not their purse. Men have a foolish manner (both parents, and schoolmasters, and servants) in creating and breeding an emulation between brothers, during childhood, which many times sorted to discord, when they are men; and disturbed! families. The Italians make little difference between children, and nephews, or near kinsfolk; but so they be of the lump, they care not, though they passe not through

their own body. And, to say truth, in nature it is much a like matter, in so much,

that we see a nephew sometimes resembleth an uncle, or a kinsman, more then his own parent; as the blood happens. Let parents choose betimes the vocations and courses they mean their children should take; for then they are most flexible; and let them not too much apply themselves to the disposition of their children, as thinking they will take best to mat, which they have most mind to. It is true, that if the affection or aptness of the children be extraordinary, then it is good not to cross it; but generally, the precept is good; optimum eli ge, suave et facile illud faciet consuetude). Younger brothers are commonly fortunate, but seldom or never where the elder are disinherited.

常见在一子嗣满堂的家中，有一两个最长的受尊重，还有最幼的受过度的纵容;但是居中的几个则好象被人忘却了似的，而他们却往往成为最好的子嗣。父母在对儿子应给的银钱上吝啬，是一种有害的错误;这使得他们卑贱;使他们学会取巧;使他们与下流人为伍;使他们到了富饶的时候容易贪欲无度。因此为父母者若对他们底子嗣在管理上严密，而在钱包上宽松，则其结果是最好的。人们(父母，师傅，仆役皆然)有一种不智的习惯，就是当弟兄们在童年的时候，在他们之间养成一种的争竞。其结果往往在他们成人的时候，弟兄不和，并且扰乱家庭。意大利人在自己底子女及侄甥或近亲之间无所分别;只要他们是本族，即令非己身所出，亦不介意。说真的，在自然界亦大类此;我们看见有时侄子象伯父或叔父或某位近亲而不甚象自己底父亲，这是血气使然。由此可见以上所言之不谬也。为父母者当及时选择在他们意中他们底子嗣所当从事的职业及训练;因为在那个时候他们最易训导;同时为父母者亦不可过于注意子嗣底倾向，以为他们心中所最好的他们会最为乐就。如果子嗣底所好和能力是超群的，那末最好不要拂逆他，这是真的;但是就一般而言，下面这句话是很好的：就是“选择最好的(职业或训练)，习惯会使它成为合适而且容易的”。兄弟中为幼弟者多半结局良好，但假如长兄辈被剥夺或削除继承权，则鲜有或永无如是者矣。