中企加大研发投入 欲赶超西方外企

Chinese companies are significantly ramping up their spending on research and development, according to a new report.

一份最新发布的报告指出，中国企业正在大幅增加研发支出。

Companies based on the mainland of China have increased their spending by a factor of 15 over the past decade, according to a report from the management consulting firm “Strategy&,” and the number of Chinese firms on Strategy&’s 2014 Global Innovation 1000 has gone from eight in 2005 to 114 today.

据管理咨询公司Strategy&的报告显示，总部设在中国大陆的企业支出水平在过去10年里增长了14倍。入选2014年Strategy&“全球创新企业1000强”榜单的中企数量，已从2005年的8家跃升至如今的114家。

The reason for the R&D growth: Chinese companies are shifting away from producing cheap goods for export and concentrating on higher quality economic growth.

中国企业研发支出增长背后的原因在于，它们正把重心从从生产廉价出口商品上移开，专注于实现更高质量的经济增长。

“When we are looking at the regional cut, China continues to go gangbusters,” said Barry Jaruzelski, the report’s author and a senior partner with the firm.

该报告作者巴里o雅鲁泽尔斯基是Strategy&公司的高级合伙人。他说：“在亚洲地区企业纷纷削减研发投入之际，中国企业仍继续大幅增加投入。”

“It’s been in the high double-digits for many, many years,” he added. “The rest of the world was double-digit, but lower — around 13 percent — and North America and Europe were positive, but much lower, at 3. 5 percent in North America and 2.5 percent in Europe.”

他补充道：“中企研发支出已经多年维持两位数的高增长，虽然世界其他地区也有两位数的增幅，但相对较低，在13%左右；而北美和欧洲的增长更是要低得多，分别为3.5%和2.5%。”

The findings dovetail with overall research and development trends in China, including government spending, which the National Science Foundation found, is second only behind the United States.

这些结果与包括政府支出在内的中国整体研发趋势相契合。美国国家科学基金会（National Science Foundation）称，中国政府的研发支出仅次于美国。

Patents, too, increasingly have a Chinese flavor, with the largest number of applicants coming from China and Chinese residents. The Chinese overtook the United States in 2012, according to the World Intellectual Property Organization.

在专利申请领域，中国份额也越来越大。来自中国和中国居民的专利申请数最多。世界知识产权组织（World Intellectual Property Organization）称，2012年中国的专利申请量已经超越了美国。

“In terms of their development, they have advanced a lot over the past 20 years,” said Mosahid Khan, head of the intellectual property and statistics section at WIPO in Geneva. “They are sort of catching up with the United States and Japan on the technological frontier whether it be patents or R & D investment.”

世界知识产权组织日内瓦知识产权及统计部负责人莫萨德o肯说：“在发展方面，中国在过去20年中进步了很多，在技术前沿，无论是专利还是研发投资，中国正在赶超美国和日本。”

Chinese companies are still are dwarfed by American-based firms when it comes to the $647 billion spent on global research and development. The Americans, as they have traditionally done, are the biggest spenders at $256.9 billion followed by European-based companies at $193.8 billion and then Japan which is third at $116.7 billion.

2014年，全球研发投入达到6470亿美元。但中资公司的研发投入仍然远比不上美资公司。美资企业的研发投入规模历来都高居全球首位，今年达到2569亿美元，其次是欧资企业达到1938亿美元，然后是位居第三的日资企业达到1167亿美元。

Still, the Chinese growth can’t be ignored. It has gone from almost negligible number in 2005 to $30 billion in 2014. Chinese firms increased their spending from a year ago by 46 percent.

不过，中资企业的研发投入增长也不可小觑，从2005年几乎可以忽略不计的水平跃升至2014年的300亿美元，今年同比增长46%。

Robert Atkinson, the president of The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, a Washington, D.C., technology policy think tank, warned that some of the Chinese figures may be “somewhat overstated” due to a “rewards system” for state-owned enterprises which is based on them doing “a lot of R & D” and thus classifying some things as research and development which wouldn’t be treated as such in the United States.

美国信息技术与创新基金会（The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation）是一家总部设在华盛顿特区的科技政策智库，该基金会的总裁罗伯特o阿特金森提醒称，中国的企业研发投入数据可能“有些水分”，因为中国对国有企业实施的“奖励制度”看重研发，因此中资企业会将一些在美国不会归为研发的活动列入研发支出项目。

Still, he said, China was “pulling out all the stops” in R&D as part of a strategy to become more self-sufficient by producing as much as they can indigenously and ending their dependence on foreign firms like Apple or Boeing for help.

中国正在加大研发支出力度，而美国一直在削减其政府研发支出。这也是中国未来也许能赶超美国的原因之一。巴特尔研究所（Battelle）和《R＆D 杂志》（Battelle/R&D Magazine）公布的《2014年全球研发经费预测报告》（2014 Global R&D Funding Forecast）预测，在研发投入方面，中国最早可能在2025年超越美国。

“They have basically decided the old strategy of attracting foreign firms to set up assembly operations is no longer their path to growth,” Atkinson said.

阿特金森说，中国的目标是“超越美国”，因此美国若要想保持世界创新领导者的地位，则必须做出更多努力，包括制定更优惠的税收政策支持研发、取消对科技经费的削减。

“They feel like they have maximized that potential,” he said. “This is one reason why you are seeing now a real backlash against foreign technology firms in China going after companies like Microsoft, Qualcomm and other with whole set of trumped up anti-monopoly complaints and things like that. They feel like they don’t need them anymore.”

他说：“美国要硬着头皮像过去那样大力投入研发，我们必须做到这一点，因为我们不能输，如果我们在投入上做到位了，我坚信我们在创新上能继续领先于中国。如果我们不这么做，未来10年或15年内，中国将在很多领域赶上或超过我们。”

And while China is spending more, the United States has been cutting its government R & D spending which could be one reason why the Chinese could one day surpass the Americans. The 2014 Global R&D Funding Forecast, published by Battelle/R&D Magazine, projects China could overtake the United States as early as 2025.

Strategy&公司发布的这份报告使用了彭博资讯（Bloomberg）和Capital IQ提供的数据，并结合了相关调查和访谈。该报告分析了企业的研发投入和创新水平。除了预测全球趋势，该报告还指出了在研发方面投入最大的行业和公司。

Atkinson said the goal of China is “beat us” and that America must do more including more generous tax incentives for R&D and reversing cuts in science and technology if it wants to remain the world’s innovation leader.

对于美国而言，让人颇为安慰的是，目前还没有一家中资企业在研发投入或创新方面进入十强榜单。这意味着，在短期内没有中国企业能获得谷歌（Google）或强生公司（Johnson & Johnson）那样的辉煌业绩。事实上，排名最高的中资公司仅排在第62位。

“We’ve got to go back and just bite the bullet and you know what we are going to do that because we are not going to lose,” he said. “If we did those things, I have every faith we could stay ahead of China from an innovation perspective. If we don’t do those things, within 10 years or 15 years China will have caught up to us in many, many areas or surpassed us.”

2014年，大众汽车公司（Volkswagen）和三星公司（Samsung）研发投入分别达到135亿美元和134亿美元，连续第二年荣登研发投入榜单榜首。英特尔（Intel）和微软则分列攀升至第三和第四名，而谷歌也首次进入十强，仅领先默克公司（Merck and Co）。除了默克公司外，还有其他三家医药企业进入研发投入十强名单。

The report, which uses data from Bloomberg and Capital IQ data combined with surveys and interviews, looks both at a company’s R&D spending and its level of innovation. Along with charting global trends, the report also highlighted the sectors and companies that are doing the most in research and development.

英特尔发言人克里斯汀o多茨说：“我们所处行业的发展日新月异，我们需要时刻准备好取代自己的技术。”他以英特尔的14纳米处理器作为例子并说道：“我们不能按兵不动，我们需要遵循摩尔定律不断创新。”