初中英语美文背诵
经典美文是英语阅读教学的重要组成部分,可以陶冶情操,丰富想象,还可以培养学生对语言文字的兴趣和敏感力。本站小编整理了初中英语美文，欢迎阅读!
Folk Cultures
A folk culture is a small isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that ishomogeneous in custom and race with a strong family or clan structure and highly developedrituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family and tionships are strong. Tradition is paramount, and change comes infrequently and e is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather, each person is expectedto perform a great variety of tasks, though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goodsare handmade and subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folkcultures as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countriessuch as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in AngloAmerica is the Amish, a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products andlabor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas, horse drawn buggies still serve as alocal transportation device and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles. TheAmish’s central religious concept of Demut “humility”, clearly reflects the weakness ofindividualism and social class so typical of folk cultures and there is a corresponding strengthof Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion, a varietyof the Mennonite faith, provides the principal mechanism for maintaining order.
By contrast a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group often highly individualistic and apronounced many specialized professions. Secular institutions of control such as the policeand army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-basedeconomy prevails. Because of these contrasts, “popular” may be viewed as clearly differentfrom “folk”. The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developingnations. Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent, usually because the popularitem is more quickly or cheaply produced, is easier or time saving to use or leads more prestigeto the owner.
民间文化民间文化是小型的、孤立的、紧密的、保守的、近乎自给自足的群体，具有同样的习俗、同样的人种和强有力的家庭或部族结构以及高度发展的宗教仪式。
秩序由宗教或家庭的约束来维持，成员间的关系非常紧密，传统至高无上，很少有变动且变动缓慢。劳动专业分工相对较少。
每个人都要做各类活计，尽管男女两性分工不同。绝大多数物品是手工制造的，经济一般为自给自足型。个人主义和社会阶层在民间文化群体中的发展十分薄弱。在象美国和加拿大这样的工业化国家里，一成不变的民间文化群体已不复存在了。在当代美洲的英语区，与民间文化最相似的群体也许算是Amish。
Amish是美国的德裔农耕部落，他们基本上拒绝接受工业时代的大多数产品和节省劳力的设施。在Amish地区，轻便马车仍是当地的交通工具，信徒们不允许拥有汽车。Amish宗教中的核心观念Demut即谦卑典型地反映了在民间文化群中个人主义和阶级的不发达。
而与此同时，Amish对群体的认同性却十分强。Amish人很少和他们宗派以外的人通婚。其宗教，作为Mennonite信仰的一种，提供了维护秩序的主要机制。相反，大众文化是包含不同种族的大群体，通常高度个性化而且不断在变化。
人际关系冷漠，劳动分工明确，由此产生了许多专门的职业。世俗的控制机构，比如警察和军队，取代了宗教和家庭来维持秩序，而且实行的是货币经济。
由于存在着这些差异，"大众的"与"民间的"可谓大相径庭。在工业化国家以及许多发展中国家里，大众文化正在取代民间文化。
民间制造的物品正让位于大众化产品，这通常是因为大众化的物品制造起来更快、更便宜，用起来更容易、更方便或者是能给其所有者带来更多的威望。
初中英语美文篇二Vision
Human vision like that of other primates has evolved in an arboreal environment. In the dense complex world of a tropical forest, it is more important to see well that to develop an acute sense of smell. In the course of evolution members of the primate line have acquired large eyes while the snout has shrunk to give the eye an unimpeded view. Of mammals only humans and some primates enjoy color vision. The red flag is black to the bull. Horses live in a monochrome world t visible to human eyes however occupies only a very narrow band in the whole electromagnetic spectrum. Ultraviolet rays are invisible to humans though ants and honeybees are sensitive to them. Humans though ants and honeybees are sensitive to them. Humans have no direct perception of infrared rays unlike the rattlesnake which has receptors tuned into wavelengths longer than 0.7 micron. The world would look eerily different if human eyes were sensitive to infrared radiation. Then instead of the darkness of night, we would be able to move easily in a strange shadowless world where objects glowed with varying degrees of intensity. But human eyes excel in other ways. They are in fact remarkably discerning in color gradation. The color sensitivity of normal human vision is rarely surpassed even by sophisticated technical devices.
视觉
人类的视觉，和其它灵长目动物的一样，是在丛林环境中进化出来的。在稠密、复杂的热带丛林里，好的视觉比灵敏的嗅觉更加重要。
在进化过程中，灵长目动物的眼睛变大，同时鼻子变小以使视野不受阻碍。在哺乳类动物中，只有人和一些灵长目动物能够分辨颜色。
红旗在公牛看来是黑色的，马则生活在一个单色的世界里。然而，人眼可见的光在整个光谱中只占一个非常狭窄的频段。人是看不到紫外线的，尽管蚂蚁和蜜蜂可以感觉到。与响尾蛇不同，人也不能直接感受到红外线。
响尾蛇的感觉器可以感受波长超过0.7微米的光线。如果人能感受到红外线的话，这世界看上去将十分不同，而且恐怖。到那时，将与夜的黑暗相反，我们能轻易地在一个奇异的没有阴影的世界里走动。任何物体都强弱不等地闪着光。然而，人眼在其它方面有优越之处。
事实上，人眼对颜色梯度具有非凡的分辨能力。普通人类的视觉感受色彩的灵敏程度，甚至连精密的技术装备都很难超越。
初中英语美文篇三The source of Energy
A summary of the physical and chemical nature of life must begin, not on the Earth, but in theSun; in fact, at the Sun’s very center. It is here that is to be found the source of the energythat the Sun constantly pours out into space as light and heat. This energy is librated at thecenter of the Sun as billions upon billions of nuclei of hydrogen atoms collide with each otherand fuse together to form nuclei of helium, and in doing so, release some of the energy that isstored in the nuclei of atoms. The output of light and heat of the Sun requires that some 600million tons of hydrogen be converted into helium in the Sun every second. This the Sun hasbeen doing for several thousands of millions of year.
The nuclear energy is released at the Sun’s center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form ofelectromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun to be reemitted at slightly longerwavelengths. This radiation , in its turn is absorbed and reemitted. As the energy filtersthrough the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the X-ray part of the spectrumeventually becoming light. At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and canescape into space without being absorbed further by solar atoms. A very small fraction of theSun’s light and heat is emitted in such directions that after passing unhindered throughinterplanetary space, it hits the Earth.
能量的来源
概说生命的物理和化学特性必须始于太阳--确切地说，是太阳的核心，而非地球。能量来自太阳的核心。
在这里，太阳不停地以光和热的形式向空间倾泻出能量。数十亿计的氢原子核在太阳的核心碰撞并且聚变生成氦。在此过程中一部分原本储存于原子核中的能量被释放出来。太阳所产生的光和热需要每秒将六亿吨氢转化为氦。这样的转化在太阳中已经持续几十亿年了。核能在太阳的核心被释放为高能的伽马射线。这是一种电磁射线，就象光波和无线电波一样，只是波长要短得多。
这种伽玛射线被太阳内的原子所吸收，然后重新释放为波长稍长一些的光波。这新的射线再次被吸收，而后释放。在能量由太阳内部一层层渗透出来的过程中，它经过了光谱中X射线部分，最后变成了光。在此阶段，能
量到达我们所称的太阳表层，并且离散到空间而不再被太阳原子所吸收。只有很小一部分太阳的光和热由此方向释放出来，并且未被阻挡，穿越星空，来到地球。
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