托福阅读越错越多怎么办
托福阅读越错越多怎么办?这一定是因为你做题的时候掉进了什么误区，一起来看看吧!
托福阅读越错越多怎么办
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。
很多人在看到这句话的时候，经常翻译为"沙漠化是源于"或者翻译为"沙漠化导致""很多的土地与很多的人去影响的原因。 "这里面有两个点特别容易犯错误，一是result from是源于的意思，而不是单纯的导致的意思。
二是affected在这里其实是后置定语，因此这里的意思是"被影响"，这里很多人又疑惑了，因为我们 以前看到的东西都是，人的因素导致沙漠化啊，怎么又会是被影响呢?这就是你的问题了，你被自己以前获得的信息给影响了，你只要知道文章的作者是这么认为的就可以了，何必把自己脑中的信息强加在本文作者身上呢?
这句话其实是一个很浅显的例子，举这个例子，其实就是想告诉很多考生很多时候，只是认为自己已经把文章读懂了，但是实际上对于文章的理解上有无数的错误，这其实就是语言的细节!这些细节点要想解决靠的是什么?靠的是单词的积累，靠的是语法的一步一步的打磨。
新托福阅读考试中如果你经常有看得懂文章，但不对题的感叹出现，考生们最好还是从自身下手，去检查自己的单词，以及语法，如果觉得不知道从哪里下手，到底该怎么提升，建议你做做老托福的语法，而且要多分析错题;并且多找一些文章多翻译一下，然后按照里面给出的译文去检查一下自己到底哪里理解错了，希望以上这些方法可以帮到大家。
托福阅读值得警惕的误区分析
这种方法相当于瞎子摸象，只对新托福阅读文章只有局部的感觉，整个文章的概念无法获得。要提醒考生的是，近年考试中针对整个文章提问的题量有所增加。所以，这种不看文章直接做题的方法是极其危险的。
有些考生则喜欢把文章一字不漏地细读托福阅读文章之后再做题。这种方法仅适合于两种情况，其一，考生已具备相当的阅读水平，长期以来运用这种方法效果甚佳;其二，某一篇具体的文章是考生所熟悉的内容，细读文章并不会花太多的时间。一般来说，大部分考生采用细读文章方法，做题时间严重不足。考生不应该忘记，阅读理解测试速度和理解两个方面。
在托福阅读备考中，许多考生认为做不对题与自己的词汇量有关，认识单词能做对，不认识单词就会做错。事实上，那些认识的单词经常做错，不认识的单词反而能做对。原因是，做不认识单词时，考生会仔细研读词汇题的上下文，力求在上下文中突破。
而做认识单词时，忽略上下文的重要性，往往是装模作样的看一下上下文，便匆匆做出抉择。所以，做好词汇题关键在于透彻分析上下文——词汇题的句子以及上下一句话，有时候，个别词汇题也许需要在新托福阅读文章其他段落寻找线索。
浅谈托福阅读答案选项的设置
涉及题型(三)：
句子简化题 sentence simplification，
细节题 factual information，
排除题 negative factual information
1. 正确答案选项的设置
丨A.原文信息的同义改写:
1 同义词替换
2 正话反说/反话正说(例题1.D)
例题1：(摘录于TPO8R2，Extinction of the Dinosaurs)
from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that theLate Cretaceous climate was milder than today’s. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.
rding to paragraph 1,which of the following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate?
ers were very warm and winters were very cold.
low seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.
climate was very similarto today’s climate.
climate did not change dramatically from season to season.
解析：文章说气候比较温和，答案选项反过来说气候改变不大。
3 句型改变(例题2.C)
例题2：(摘录于官方指南116页，Swimming Machines)
A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over 25°C (77°F). This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the billfishes have gone one step further. They have evolved special"heaters" of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these critical organs.
10. Which of the following is true of bluefin tunas?
r eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other fish.
r body temperature can change greatly depending on the water temperature.
can swim in waters that are much colder than their own bodies.
have special muscle tissue that warms their eyes and brain.
解析：文章说在7度水中保持体温超过25度，答案选项改写成可以在比身体更冷的水中游泳。
丨B.原文信息的抽象扩大(例题3. B)
例题3：(摘录于官方指南103页，Artisans and Industrialization)
Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior.
ers demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.
responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.
ers preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.
ers who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.
解析：文章说徒弟被认为是家庭的一份子，师傅的责任不仅有教手艺还有提供教育和道德监管。答案选项说师傅的责任不仅仅是教手艺，虽然没有直接提到其他的责任，但是在逻辑重心上和原文属于抽象的吻合。
2.错误答案选项的设置
丨A. 与原文不相关的内容：
1 文章没出现的信息(例题3. C/D)
ers preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.
ers who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.
解析：文章没提到family member这一概念。
2 出现文章没提到的多余关系
文章说a导致b，并且c导致d;答案提到了a导致的b和c导致的d有关系。
丨B. 与原文矛盾的内容：
1 显形逻辑联系词:
1.1答案选项的逻辑重心与原文不匹配(although a,b不等于b,but a)
1.2答案选项与原文逻辑相悖(例题3. A)
ers demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.
解析：文章的确出现了but一词，但是属于not also的部分内容，因此本身不具有转折关系，选项A出现了与原文并列递进相悖的逻辑关系。
2 动词变化(例题1.B/例题2.B)
The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.
low seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.
解析：文章出现的buffer这一词，同学如果不认识，只看到shallow sea和temperature有关联，而B选项也有关系，造成误选。buffer意思为缓冲，即使不认识，也可以根据 keeping it relatively constant 伴随做结果状语理解肯定不是B选项的改变巨大。
3 指代关系(例题2.D)
The billfishes have gone one step have evolved special "heaters" of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these criticalorgans.
have special muscle tissue that warms their eyes and brain.
解析：题干问bluefin tuna 因此答案选项D的指代词they指代金枪鱼，而文章内部的确出现答案选项D的大致对应，只不过文章内部they是之前的billfishes.
4 反义词和否定含义词(例题1.A)
The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid.
ers were very warm and winters were very cold.
解析：文章和答案内容用否定含义的词语相反。
丨C. 观点不匹配：比较级/最高极/绝对词(例题2.A)
A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C (45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over3 25°C (77°F). This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes.
r eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other fish.
解析：文章没有出现和其余鱼类的比较对比。
注意：比较极/最高极/绝对词大部分情况错误，如果正确，原文必须有相关信息
例题4：(摘录于TPO3R2，The Depletion of the Ogalalla Aquifer)
Paragraph 1：The vast grasslands of the High Plains in the central United States were settled by farmers and ranchers in the 1880’s. This region has asemiarid climate, and for 50 years after its settlement, it supported alow-intensity agricultural economy of cattle ranching and wheat farming. In the early twentieth century, however, it was discovered that much of the High Plains was underlain by a huge aquifer (a rock layer containing large quantities of groundwater) aquifer was named the Ogallala aquifer after the Ogallala Sioux Indians,who once inhabited the region.
rding to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about the High Plains is true?
A. Until farmers and ranchers settled there in the 1880’s, the High Plains had never been inhabited.
B. The climate of the High Plains is characterized by higher-than-average temperatures.
C. The large aquifer that lies underneath the High Plains was discovered by the Ogallala Sioux Indians.
D. Before the early 1900’sthere was only a small amount of farming and ranching in the High Plains.
解析：这里虽然有only一词，但是其含义和原文的a low-intensity agriculture economy 低产量的农业不矛盾，故正确。
托福阅读真题
The lack of printing regulations and the unenforceability of British copyright law in the American colonies made it possible for colonial printers occasionally to act as publishers. Although they rarely undertook major publishing project because it was difficult to sell books as cheaply as they could be imported from Europe, printers in Philadelphia did publish work that required only small amounts of capital, paper, and type. Broadsides could be published with minimal financial risk. Consisting of only one sheet of paper and requiring small amounts of type, broadsides involved lower investments of capital than longer works. Furthermore, the broadside format lent itself to subjects of high, if temporary, interest, enabling them to meet with ready sale. If the broadside printer miscalculated, however, and produced a sheet that did not sell, it was not likely to be a major loss, and the printer would know this immediately, There would be no agonizing wait with large amounts of capital tied up, books gathering dust on the shelves, and creditors impatient for payment.
In addition to broadsides, books and pamphlets, consisting mainly of political tracts, catechisms, primers, and chapbooks were relatively inexpensive to print and to buy. Chapbooks were pamphlet-sized books, usually containing popular tales, ballads, poems, short plays, and jokes, small, both in formal and number of pages, they were generally bound simply, in boards (a form of cardboard) or merely stitched in paper wrappers (a sewn antecedent of modern-day paperbacks). Pamphlets and chapbooks did not require fine paper or a great deal of type to produce they could thus be printed in large, cost-effective editions and sold cheaply.
By far, the most appealing publishing investments were to be found in small books that had proven to be steady sellers, providing a reasonably reliable source of income for the publisher. They would not, by nature, be highly topical or political, as such publications would prove of fleeting interest. Almanacs, annual publications that contained information on astronomy and weather patterns arranged according to the days, week, and months of a given year, provided the perfect steady seller because their information pertained to the locale in which they would be used.
1. Which aspect of colonial printing does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Laws governing the printing industry.
(B) Competition among printers
(C) Types of publications produced
(D) Advances in printing technology
2. According to the passage , why did colonial printers avoid major publishing projects?
(A) Few colonial printers owned printing machinery that was large enough to handle major
projects.
(B) There was inadequate shipping available in the colonies.
(C) Colonial printers could not sell their work for a competitive price.
(D) Colonial printers did not have the skills necessary to undertake large publishing projects.
3. Broadsides could be published with little risk to colonial printers because they
(A) required a small financial investment and sold quickly
(B) were in great demand in European markets
(C) were more popular with colonists than chapbooks and pamphlets
(D) generally dealt with topics of long-term interest to many colonists
4. The word they in line 17 refers to
(A) chapbooks
(B) tales
(C) jokes
(D) pages
5. The word antecedent in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) predecessor
(B) format
(C) imitation
(D) component
6. Chapbooks produced in colonial America were characterized by
(A) fine paper
(B) cardboard covers
(C) elaborate decoration
(D) a large number of pages
7. The word appealing in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) dependable
(B) respectable
(C) enduring
(D) attractive
8. What were steady sellers (line 23)?
(A) Printers whose incomes were quite large
(B) People who traveled from town to town selling Books and pamphlets
(C) Investors who provided reliable financial Support for new printers
(D) Publications whose sales were usually consistent from year to year
9. The word locale in line 28 is closest in meaning to
(A) topic
(B) season
(C) interest
(D) place
10. All of the following are defined in the passage EXCEPT
(A) Broadsides (line 6)
(B) catechisms (line 15)
(C) chapbooks (line l6)
(D) Almanacs (line 25)
PASSAGE 84 CCAAA BDDDB
