托福阅读修辞目的题怎么解
托福阅读考试中，托福修辞题目是什么呢?托福阅读修辞题目就是托福阅读文章中作者意图的提问，那么应该如何解答这些题目呢?本文将为正在备战托福的同学们带来托福阅读修辞目的题怎么解的内容，希望能够帮助到大家。
托福阅读修辞目的题怎么解
从托福考试出题的形式上讲：
Why does the author mention/discuss …?
The author mentions/discusses … in order to ______.
The author uses … as an example of_____.
做这类托福题目时有些同学往往会出现黑人问号，我怎么知道作者怎么想的!
其实，这类题目和托福其他题目一样，都是有套路的。至少，托福阅读里的修辞目的题是不会要求考生们对锅里的鱼眼里“诡异的光”进行理解的。
言归正传，那么做这类题目的套路究竟是什么呢?
首先我们要知道托福文章结构有一个规律，就是claim(观点)+detail(s)，换句话说就是给出一个观点，然后用一个或者若干个细节或者例子来支撑前面的观点。
不论是从托福文章整体架构，段落结构，还是更微观的行文结构来看，一般来说这个规律都成立。而修辞目的题实质上就是出题人把一个detail拎出来问你，作者为什么要提到这个detail。到这里，问题的关键就变成了找到这个detail对应的claim究竟在哪里。
最简单的模型就是，claim后面就一个detail支撑，这种情况下，自然detail前面紧挨着的那句话就是作者的观点，即提到这个detail的目的是为了说明前面的这个观点。
然而有时候，作者会用不止一个detail来支撑最前面的claim，模型视图如下
Claim+ detail 1 + detail 2 + detail 3
这种时候，如果出题人把detail 3拎出来问你它的目的，显然答案就不是为了支持紧挨着它的前面那句话了，而应该是遥相支持前面的前面的前面的那个claim。
根据以上原理，我们总结出了一个做题步骤，帮助大家高效地找到这个claim。
简言之，
1. 找出托福阅读题目中的关键词
2. 用关键词定位原文
3. 按照原句 -- 前面1~2句 -- 段落第一句的顺序找到claim
4. 根据原文claim找到对应选项
可以看出，步骤1和2是在文章中找到题目里提到的detail的位置，当然，如果文中已经给你highligh出来了的话这两个步骤就省掉了
而步骤3才是在找claim
下面，我们来进行一个实操应用：
In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?
○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist
○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation
○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete
○To compare how fossils form on land and in water
很明显，这道题需要我们自己去找到detail的位置，所以我们要从第1个步骤开始做起：找出题目中的关键词
examples of how organisms are destroyed(生物被摧毁的例子)
第2步，我们要拿着关键词到段落里面去找detail对应的原句，即哪里有提到生物被摧毁的例子
Paragraph 1: When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are. Attack by scavengers and bacteria, chemical decay, and destruction by erosion and other geologic agencies make the odds against preservation very high. However, the chances of escaping complete destruction are vastly improved if the organism happens to have a mineralized skeleton and dies in a place where it can be quickly buried by sediment. Both of these conditions are often found on the ocean floors, where shelled invertebrates (organisms without spines) flourish and are coveRed by the continuous rain of sedimentary particles. Although most fossils are found in marine sedimentary rocks, they also are found in terrestrial deposits left by streams and lakes. On occasion, animals and plants have been preserved after becoming immersed in tar or quicksand, trapped in ice or lava flows, or engulfed by rapid falls of volcanic ash.
我们看下来后会发现有且仅有红色部分是一些摧毁生物的具体例子，清道夫、细菌、化学侵蚀等等，至此我们完成了第2步，定位出了detail对应的原句。
第3步，到这句话的前面找它对应的claim，这道题里，它前面只有一句话，那让我们来验证一下这是不是这个detail所支撑的观点呢?
When one considers the many ways by which organisms are completely destroyed after death, it is remarkable that fossils are as common as they are.
(当一个人知道生物死后会被如此多的方式所完全分解毁灭，那他就会感叹世界上化石如此普遍有多不可思议)
看起来逻辑上可以成为生物被摧毁的例子所支撑的对象吧
那我们现在来做第4步，根据找出来的claim去选出最接近的选项
In paragraph 1, what is the author's purpose in providing examples of how organisms are destroyed?
○To emphasize how surprising it is that so many fossils exist
○To introduce a new geologic theory of fossil preservation
○To explain why the fossil record until now has remained incomplete
○To compare how fossils form on land and in water
选项1是不是就是我们找出来的claim的同义复述呀?答案就是它了!
All in all，只要把握好题型背后的原理，妈妈再也不用担心你做不好修辞目的题了!
托福考试阅读技巧：六大阅读策略
托福考试阅读技巧1：两分钟预读
花上两分钟的时间快速浏览文章的题目;掌握第一段的内容大义;阅读每一段的第一句话;阅读文章最后一段。这个能比较快地对文章的大体内容有个一定的了解。
托福考试阅读技巧2：利用题干关键词
先读题干，划出题干的关键词; 利用划出的关键词迅速找到对应的文章中的相应内容;通过阅读文章的相关内容回归题干找出正确选项(或者通过排除法来找出正确选项)。
托福考试阅读技巧3：快速阅读
因为托福阅读的篇幅很长，所以考生在进行阅读的时候要学会快速地阅读。最好能做到用余光来覆盖信息;从而了解每一段的大意和作者的用意，而不是一字一字地阅读每一个单词的含义。
托福考试阅读技巧4：利用上下文来猜测生词
考生要在备考时掌握托福考试的核心词汇、高频词汇。但是托福阅读的篇幅长，词汇量也比较大，考生在考试时难免会遇到生词。这个时候要学会利用上下文把生词融入到语境中进行理解。从而猜测生词的意思。
托福考试阅读技巧5：做出推论
考生们要学会定位找出文章的逻辑细节，也就是论据;然后利用各种结构指示词和文章的主题来判断这些细节的作用。
托福考试阅读技巧6：概述总结
仔细阅读文章的第一段，找出观点;了解文章的基本结构，注意文章是如何对观点进行展开的，通常是一个主要观点有3个中心点支持(一个段落一个中心点)，而每个段落的中心点又会有2-4个要点支持。
托福阅读真题1
The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter, with a volume 1,300 times greater than Earth's, contains more than twice the mass of all the other planets combined. It is thought to be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid surfaces, Had it been somewhat more massive, Jupiter might have attained internal temperatures as high as the ignition point for nuclear reactions, and it would have flamed as a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other giant planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane, unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter's interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic hydrogen. Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but under pressures of millions of kilograms per square centimeter, which exist in the deep interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might lock together to form a liquid with the properties of a metal. Some scientists believe that the innermost core of Jupiter might be rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.
Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours. As a result, its clouds, which are composed largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have been whipped into alternating dark and bright bands that circle the planet at different speeds in different latitudes. Jupiter's puzzling Great Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate it might be a gigantic hurricane, which because of its large size (the Earth could easily fit inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.
Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval heat or heat generated by the continued gravitational contraction of the planet. Another starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its sixteen natural satellites, which, like a miniature model of the Solar System, decrease in density with distance — from rocky moons close to Jupiter to icy moons farther away. If Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it would have become a star, Jupiter is the best-preserved sample of the early solar nebula, and with its satellites, might contain the most important clues about the origin of the Solar System.
1. The word attained in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) attempted
(B) changed
(C) lost
(D) reached
2. The word flamed in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) burned
(B) divided
(C) fallen
(D) grown
3. The word they in line 7 refers to
(A) nuclear reactions
(B) giant planets
(C) terrestrial
(D) substances
4. According to the passage , hydrogen can become a metallic-like liquid when it is
(A) extremely hot
(B) combined with helium
(C) similar to atmospheres
(D) under great pressures
5. According to the passage , some scientists believe Jupiter and Earth are similar in that they
both have
(A) solid surfaces
(B) similar masses
(C) similar atmospheres
(D) metallic cores
6. The clouds surrounding Jupiter are mostly composed of
(A) ammonia
(B) helium
(C) hydrogen
(D) methane
7. It can be inferred from the passage that the appearance of alternating bands circling Jupiter is
caused by
(A) the Great Red Spot
(B) heat from the Sun
(C) the planet's fast rotation
(D) Storms from the planet's Southern Hemisphere
8. The author uses the word puzzling in line 17 to suggest that the Great Red Spot is
(A) the only spot of its kind
(B) not well understood
(C) among the largest of such spots
(D) a problem for the planet's continued existence
9. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following conclusions?
(A) Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as the Sun.
(B) Jupiter has a weaker gravitational force than the other planets.
(C) Scientists believe that Jupiter was once a star.
(D) Scientists might learn about the beginning of the Solar System by Studying Jupiter.
10. Why does the author mention primeval heat (lines 21)?
(A) To provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the Sun
(B) To provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the other planets
(C) To suggest a possible explanation for the number of satellites that Jupiter has
(D) To suggest a possible source of the quantity of heat that Jupiter gives off
11. According to the passage , Jupiter's most distant moon is
(A) the least dense
(B) the largest
(C) warm on the surface
(D) very rocky on the surface
12. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage ?
(A) If Jupiter had fewer satellites, it would be easier for scientists to study the planet itself.
(B) If Jupiter had had more mass, it would have developed internal nuclear reactions.
(C) If Jupiter had been smaller, it would have become a terrestrial planet.
(D) if Jupiter were larger, it would give off much less heat
PASSAGE 81 DABDD ACBDD AB
托福阅读真题2
Ethology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history. Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the 1960's but has become even more influential today. The origins of ethology can be traced back to the work of Darwin. Its modern foundations were laid by two European zoologists, Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.
Watching the behaviors diverse animal species in their natural habitats, Lorenz, and Tinbergen observed behavior patterns that promote survival. The most well-known of these is imprinting, the early following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that the young will stay close to their mother and be fed and protected from danger. Imprinting takes place during an early, restricted time period of development. If the mother goose is not present during this time, but an object resembling her in important features is, young goslings may imprint on it instead. Observations of imprinting led to major concept that has been applied in child development — the critical period. It refers to a limited times span during which the child is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of suitably stimulating environment. Many researchers have conducted studies to find out whether complex cognitive and social behaviors must be learned during restricted time periods. For example, if children are deprived of adequate food or physical and social stimulation during the early years of life, will their intelligence be permanently impaired? If language is not mastered during the preschool years, is the child's capacity to acquire it reduced?
Inspired by observations of imprinting, in 1969 the British psychoanalyst John Bowlby applied ethological theory to the understanding of the relationship between an infant and its parents. He argued that attachment behaviors of babies, such as smiling, babbling, grasping, and crying, are built-in social signals that encourage the parents to approach, care for, and interact with the baby. By keeping a parent near, these behaviors help ensure that the baby will be fed, protected from danger, and provided with the stimulation and affection necessary for healthy growth. The development of attachment in human infants is a lengthy process involving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep affectional tie between parent and baby.
1. What was Darwin's contribution to ethology?
(A) Darwin improved on the original principles of ethology.
(B) Darwin was the professor who taught Lorenz and Tinbergen.
(C) Darwin's work provided the basis for ethology.
(D) Darwin was the first person to apply ethological theory to children.
2. The word diverse in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) small
(B) varied
(C) wild
(D) particular
3. The word ensures in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) guarantees
(B) proves
(C) teaches
(D) assumes
4. According to the passage , if a mother goose is not present during the time period when
imprinting takes place, which of the following will most likely occur?
(A) The gosling will not imprint on any object.
(B) The gosling may not find a mate when it matures.
(C) The mother will later imprint on the gosling.
(D) The gosling may imprint on another object.
5. The word it in line 12 refers to
(A) development
(B) goose
(C) time
(D) object
6. The word suitably in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) willingly
(B) moderately
(C) appropriately
(D) emotionally
7. The author mentions all of the following as attachment behaviors of human infants EXCEPT
(A) grasping
(B) crying
(C) eating
(D) smiling
8. According to the passage , attachment behaviors of infants are intended to
(A) get the physical, emotional and social needs of the infant met
(B) allow the infant to become imprinted on objects that resemble the parent
(C) provide the infant with a means of self-stimulation
(D) prepare the infant to cope with separation
9. The phrase affectional tie in line 30 is closest in meaning to
(A) cognitive development
(B) emotional attachment
(C) psychological need
(D) behavioral change
10. It can be inferred from the passage that ethological theory assumes that
(A) to learn about human behavior only human subjects should be studied
(B) failure to imprint has no influence on intelligence
(C) the notion of critical periods applies only to animals
(D) there are similarities between animal and human behavior
PASSAGE 82 CBADD CCABD
