托福阅读备考10个高分黄金原则

新托福阅读备考中的技巧很多，但是还是有些原则性的技巧是大家必须得知道的。这些原则可以指导大家在托福考试中少走很多的弯路的同时拿到托福阅读高分。下面小编就为大家送上托福阅读备考10个高分黄金原则。

托福阅读备考10个高分黄金原则

1　原文是做题的唯一依据。

2　细节题要在原文找到相应的点，可进行适当的推理，但一定要与原文对照，遵循原句主旨.

3　对于理解中本身感觉有点不妥当的地方一定要重视，不可忽略，尤其是这些地方成为考点的时候，一定要理解清楚。

4　指代题中要认清主语：eg. a bottle of water。 简单的一个短句在指代中学会类推：description of behavior。

5 推理源于文中，合理切合主旨。或者只是原句的另一种表达。

6　个人感觉指代尽可能在原句中找，不用参考上下文，但上下文可以用来做检验。

7　与原句意思本身不符的肯定错。所以排除时肯定的先排除，然后不定的再酙酌。

8　概括性题目个人感觉是每段大概有一个主题，把大的主题整在一起就是了。

9　有些时候过于明显的答案可能是错误的，需要找隐藏点的。

10　再次强调一点，尊重原文，答案来自原文，矛盾的肯定为错。

托福阅读TPO30第1篇:Role of Play in Development

【1】Play is easier to define with examples than with concepts. In any case, in animals it consists of leaping, running, climbing, throwing, wrestling, and other movements, either along, with objects, or with other animals. Depending on the species, play may be primarily for social interaction, exercise, or exploration. One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance—dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting. Thus, whether play occurs or not depends on the intention of the animals, and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors alone.

【2】Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studied most extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play is still a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not be the same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficult because the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing up until the animal's adulthood.

【3】Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal. Play is usually very active, involving movement in space and, at times, noisemaking. Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth or for building up fat stores in a young animal. Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting behavior. Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or falling.

【4】The benefits of play must outweigh costs, or play would not have evolved, according to Darwin' s theory. Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous system. In one research study, two groups of young rats were raised under different conditions. One group developed in an "enriched" environment, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze training. The other group lived in an "impoverished" environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation. At the end of the experiments, the results showed that the actual weight of the brains of the impoverished rats was less than that of those raised in the enriched environment (though they were fed the same diets). Other studies have shown that greater stimulation not only affects the size of the brain but also increase the number of connections between the nerve cells. Thus, active play may provide necessary stimulation to the growth of synaptic connections in the brain, especially the cerebellum, which is responsible for motor functioning and movements.

【5】Play also stimulates the development of the muscle tissues themselves and may provide the opportunities to practice those movements needed for survival. Prey species, like young deer or goats, for example, typically play by performing sudden flight movements and turns, whereas predator species, such as cats, practice stalking, pouncing, and biting.

【6】Play allows a young animal to explore its environment and practice skill in comparative safety since the surrounding adults generally do not expect the young to deal with threats or predators. Play can also provide practice in social behaviors needed for courtship and mating. Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups. They need to learn how to be dominant and submissive because each monkey might have to play either role in the future. Most of these things are learned in the long developmental periods that primates have, during which they engage in countless play experiences with their peers.

【7】There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to aggression. This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. Thus, many species have evolved clear signals to delineate playfulness. Dogs, for example, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for play."

托福阅读TPO30试题第1篇:Role of Play in Development

rding to paragraph 1, why is play difficult to define?

must be defined with concepts, not examples.

behavior often looks like nonplay behavior.

often occurs in the presence of animals that are not playing.

occurs independently of an animal's intentions.

rding to paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge to researchers who study play behavior in animals

delay between activities and the benefits the animal derives from them.

difficulty in determining which animal species play and which do not.

fact that for most animals, there is no clear transition from youth to full adulthood.

lack of research on the play behavior of animals other than canids and primates.

word "considerable" in the passage paragraph 3 is closest in the meaning to

ial.

tical.

tually.

ificant.

rding to paragraph 3, each of the following is a cost to animals that engage in play EXCEPT

sure to predators.

B.a buildup of fat stores.

C.a loss of fuel that could be used for growth.

of injury from slipping or falling.

does the author include the comment "though they were fed the same diets"?

show why rats living in impoverished environments need less food than those living in enriched environments.

eliminate the possibility that differences in diet were responsibly for observed differences in brain weight.

emphasize the point that rats were fed only the amount of food needed to keep them alive.

suggest that rats fed the same diet have smaller brains than those fed a varied food.

graph 4 supports which of the following statements about an animal's brain.

heavier the brain, the richer the environment in which the animal was raised.

younger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.

larger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.

larger the animal's cerebellum, the larger will be the animal's nerve cells.

rding to paragraph 5, why might play behavior of prey species be different from those of predator species?

ke predator species, prey species use play to prevent inappropriate social behaviors, such as biting.

prey species are physically incapable of certain types of predator movements.

survival of each species type is linked to particular sets of muscular movements.

ator species have more opportunities to practice play behaviors than prey species.

word "comparative" in the passage paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to

tive.

orary.

icient.

lete.

h of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 6 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

monkeys that have learned to control their selfish and aggressive behaviors can be involved in social groups.

ish and aggressive animals like monkeys live in groups in order to practice appropriate social behaviors.

eys and other social animals need to learn behaviors appropriate for their social groups.

monkeys are naturally too selfish and aggressive to understand the give-and-take of social groups, so they learn such important behaviors while young.

can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the role of adults in play activities of the young?

ts help their young learn to become dominant within the social group.

g animals learn how to play from the adults within their social group.

ts allow the young to engage in play behaviors within a protected, sage environment.

long developmental period of some animals allows adults more time to teach their young how to deal with the threats of predators.

word "potentially" in the passage paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to

ubtedly.

ibly.

rtunately.

kly.

rding to paragraph 7, how do some animals ensure that other animals understand that they are just playing?

playing only with animals who are not predator.

avoiding any aspects of the play behavior that are dangerous.

practicing non-aggressive and non-predatory behaviors.

using a set of signals that occurs only in play.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? With messages such as those, even dogs that are strangers to each other can be playing within a few minutes.

There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to aggression. ■【A】This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. ■【B】Thus,many species have evolved clear signals to delineate playfulness. ■【C】Dogs, forexample, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for play." ■【D】

14. Directions: an introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary be selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals.

ough play often resembles aggression, flight, or other purposeful activities, researchers do not degree on the reasons for and functions of play

ough many animals develop physically from play, too many young animals become victims of their natural predators while playing.

als such as rats, dogs, deer, goats and monkeys learn how to be both dominant and submissive during play activities so that they will fit in better with their adult social groups.

function of play is still debated in the research literature primarily because each animal species uses so few of the many available types of play behavior.

gy expenditure and security risks are some of the costs to animals of play behavior, but the costs are not so great that they outweigh the long-term benefits of play to the species.

experiments and observations have shown, animals that play at some stages of their development obtain neurological, muscular, or social benefits from the play behaviors.

托福阅读TPO30答案第1篇:Role of Play in Development

1.原文中，同样的behavior会同时发生在play和其他一些非play的情况中，所以B正确。A与原文第一句矛盾。C选项没有提到。D选项与原文第一段最后一句矛盾。

2.看第二段的最后两句。倒数第二句说动物玩耍的原因仍然在被debating，后面说确定玩耍的作用(function)非常难，那也就对应了原题的challenge。Because后面出现了原因，说这些function是长期的，其beneficial要到动物成年才出现。所以跟A选项吻痕。B、C选项原文没提到。D选项也和问题无关。

iderable：重要的，值得考虑的。选项A是最初的，B是实用的，C是最终的，D是重大的，有意义的。所以D符合，另外后文提到了各种cost和loss。所以可以理解considerable cost可以理解为一定量的损失或者风险。

4.从Therefore开始后面的都是potential cost。三种cost已经用红色字体标出。B选项看似提到了，但是原文是说失去了fat store的机会，而不是因为play而build up了。所以B错。

5.这里提到的试验的结果。前面从in one research of study开始描述这个试验，提到了两个对比组，under different conditions。后面是在说结果，括号里面的内容是对结论的解释说明。A,C,D三个选项一点儿都不沾边。只要高中学过一点数理化就知道这个是控制变量的试验，所以答案选B。

6.原文中从other studies 开始有描述了另外的观点。说greater stimulation不仅会影响大脑的大小，也会增加神经细胞间的连接的数量，而这个stimulation是由active play提供的。根据上文，环境越复杂，active play就越多，因此stimulation就越多，导致动物的大脑更大，也就更重。所以A选项符合这个观点。BCD都没提到。

7.这道题的关键词在于needed for survival。因为prey species和predator species对于survival的要求不同，所以导致他们play behavior也不同。所以选C。 A，B，D原文都没提到。

arative是相对的，相当的。A是相对的;B是暂时的;C是充足的;D是完成的。所以选择A。这里C可能会是迷惑选项，因为其意思带入原文也通顺，但是失去了原词的"比较"的那层意思。

9.这道题中的原句主干是learning social behavior is important，特别是对于群居的动物。然后用了monkey做例证。A选项只提到了monkeys要控制自己才能融入群体，但没提到主干部分。 B选项说自私和攻击性强的动物药学social behavior，这就把其他动物排除在外了，改变了原句的意思。C正确，不仅提到了monkey也说到了其他的social animals(which means species that live in groups)为了融入群体要学social behavior。 D是错误选项，原文并没说猴子太自私以至于不能理解give and take…与原文矛盾，不选。

10.根据young & adult定位到第六段第一句。说成年动物要让年轻的动物在相对安全的环境下玩儿。 因此可以得到答案C正确。A原文没有说让young去学怎么dominant，B原文虽然提到social group 但没提到是从adults身上学习。D原文完全没有相关描写。

11.potentially潜在地。A市毫无疑问地; B是可能地;C是不幸地;D是快速地。前半句中有May be，表达了一中可能性，后半句没有转折，应该是接上上半句往下说的。所以意思应该想近。

12.这一段前半部分一直在描述说有动物之间会误以为是真的aggression，中间出现了thus证明后面会说解决的方法。这里说解决方法是用clear signals 去表达playfulness。所以答案是D。

13.要插入的句子开头为With message such as those，那么说明前面肯定会描述一些messages，后面又说even dogs，那证明前面应该也提到了狗的行为。所以这里应该插在最后一个空里。

14.选项A对应在原文第一段，提到play的行为包括了running，climbing，fighting等等aggression的行为，但是很难确定其function所以A正确。E对应原文第三段，potential cost提到了loss of energy，security risks等等，但是第一段也提到说play是long-term beneficial的，第四段开头说好处一定会outweigh其costs。B这个原文没有提到，虽然第三段提到了potential cost，后面也说adults通常会让young在相对安全的情况下play，但并没有说太多太多的小动物变成了victims。不选。C这个原文虽然说他们要学social behavior，但没提到说这类动物要学着去dominant，不选。D选项对应原文第一段，但选项中的原因和原文不符，不选。E对应原文第三段，potential cost提到了loss of energy，security risks等等，但是第一段也提到说play是long-term beneficial的，第四段开头说好处一定会outweigh其costs。F选项对应原文第四，五段。第四段说play会影响大脑发育，神经细胞间连接的数量。第五段说到了有益于muscle tissue的发育。后文第六段也提到了social Benefits。