托福阅读分数换算表及阅读常考题型总结

托福小白可能对于托福考试的评分有很多疑问，比如阅读的题量和分数是如何换算的?阅读每篇14道题，一共考3篇，如果遇到加试，可能会考4-5篇阅读，加试题目不计入总分。跟小编一起来看看托福阅读分数换算表和托福阅读常考的题型

托福阅读分数换算表及阅读常考题型总结

一.托福阅读分数换算表

除重要观点题和归类题以外，每道题的分值都是1分，重要观点题的分值可能是2分，归类题为3或4分，考试所得分数范围：0-30分。

大家在算出原始分数以后，将被转化为0-30分的最终分数。以下是托福阅读评分标准中原始分数与最终分数的对照表：

二.托福阅读常考题型

托福阅读题型共分为10种：

1. Factual Information questions(事实信息题)

2. Negative Factual Information questions(否定事实信息题)

3. Inference questions(推论题)

4. Rhetorical Purpose questions(修辞目的题)

5. Vocabulary questions(词汇题)

6. Reference questions(指代题)

7. Sentence Simplification questions(句子简化题)

8. Insert Text question(句子插入题)

9. Prose Summary(文章总结题)

10. Fill in a Table(表格填写题)

托福阅读TPO30第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

【1】In Europe, before the introduction of the mechanical clock, people toldtime by sun (using, for example, shadow sticks or sun dials) and water clocks worked, of course, only on clear days; water clocks misbehaved whenthe temperature fell toward freezing, to say nothing of long-run drift as theresult of sedimentation and clogging. Both these devices worked well in sunnyclimates; but in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at atime, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night.

【2】Medieval Europe gave new importance to reliable time. The Catholicchurch had its seven daily prayers, one of which was at night, requiring analarm arrangement to waken monks before dawn. And then the new cities and towns,squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organizecollective activity and ration space. They set a time to go to sleep. All thiswas compatible with older devices so long as there was only one authoritativetimekeeper; but with urban growth and the multiplication of time signals,discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a more dependableinstrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanical clock.

【3】We do not know who invented this machine, or where. It seems to haveappeared in Italy and England (perhaps simultaneous invention) between 1275 and1300. Once known, it spread rapidly, driving out water clocks but not solardials, which were needed to check the new machines against the timekeeper oflast resort. These early versions were rudimentary, inaccurate, and prone tobreakdown.

【4】Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Churchauthority. Although church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeepingthroughout the centuries of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome,church time was nature’s time. Day and night were divided into the same numberof parts, so that except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal;and then of course the length of these hours varied with the seasons. But themechanical clock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning. TheCatholic Church resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about a the start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as theirstandard, and the public clocks installed in town halls and market squaresbecame the very symbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wantedone; conquerors seized them as especially precious spoils of war; tourists cameto see and hear these machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacredrelics.

【5】The clock was the greatest achievement of medieval mechanical general accuracy could be checked against easily observed phenomena, likethe rising and setting of the sun. The result was relentless pressure to improvetechnique and design. At every stage, clockmakers led the way to accuracy andprecision; they became masters of miniaturization, detectors and correctors oferror, searchers for new and better. They were thus the pioneers of mechanicalengineering and served as examples and teachers to other branches ofengineering.

【6】The clock brought order and control, both collective and personal. Itspublic display and private possession laid the basis for temporal autonomy:people could now coordinate comings and goings without dictation from above. Theclock provided the punctuation marks for group activity, while enablingindividuals to order their own work (and that of others) so as to enhanceproductivity. Indeed, the very notion of productivity is a by-product of theclock: once one can relate performance to uniform time units, work is never thesame. One moves from the task-oriented time consciousness of the peasant(working on job after another, as time and light permit) and the time-fillingbusyness of the domestic servant (who always had something to do) to an effortto maximize product per unit of time.

托福阅读TPO30试题第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

does the author provide the information that "in northern Europe thesun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary notonly seasonally but from day to night"?

emphasize the variety of environments in which people used sun andwater clocks to tell time.

illustrate the disadvantage of sun and water clocks.

provide an example of an area where water clocks have an advantageover sun clocks.

counter the claim that sun and water clocks were used all overEurope.

rding to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of theimportance of timekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPT

need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with eachother.

setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets.

setting of specific time for the start and finish of the workingday.

regulation of the performance of daily church rituals.

rding to paragraph 2, why did the medieval church need an alarmarrangement?

alarm warned the monks of discord or strife in the town.

church was responsible for regulating working hours and markethours.

alarm was needed in case fires were not put out each night.

of the church's daily rituals occurred during the night.

word "authoritative" in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaningto

al.

rtant.

cial.

ctive.

author uses the phrase "the timekeeper of last resort" to referto

r clocks.

sun.

anical clocks.

church.

word "rudimentary" in the passage(paragraph 3)is closest in meaningto

.

l.

actical.

c.

rding to paragraph 4, how did the Catholic Church react to theintroduction of mechanical clocks?

used mechanical clocks through the period of urban collapse.

used clocks to better understand natural phenomena, likeequinoxes.

tried to preserve its own method of keeping time, which was differentfrom mechanical-clock time.

used mechanical clocks to challenge secular, town authorities.

word "installed" in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaningto

ired.

cted by the majority of people.

dardized.

in place.

can be inferred from paragraph 5 that medieval clockmakers

able to continually make improvements in the accuracy of mechanicalclocks.

sometimes not well respected by other engineers.

times made claims about the accuracy of mechanical clocks that werenot true.

ly shared their expertise with other engineers.

graph 5 answers which of the following questions about mechanicalclocks.

did early mechanical clocks work?

did the design of mechanical clocks affect engineering ingeneral?

were mechanical clocks made?

influenced the design of the first mechanical clock?

word "pioneers" in the passage isclosest in meaning to

ers.

nents.

oyers.

dians.

rding to paragraph 6, how did the mechanical clock affect labor?

encouraged workers to do more time-filling busywork.

enabled workers to be more task oriented.

pushed workers to work more hours every day.

led to a focus on productivity.

13. Look at the four squares[■] that indicate where the following sentencecan be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? The division oftime no longer reflected the organization of religious ritual.

Ironically, the new machine tended to undermine Catholic Church ough church ritual had sustained an interest in timekeeping throughout thecenturies of urban collapse that followed the fall of Rome,church time wasnature's time.■【A】Day and night were divided into the same number of parts, sothat except at the equinoxes, days and night hours were unequal;and then ofcourse the length of these hours varied with the seasons.■【B】But the mechanicalclock kept equal hours, and this implied a new time reckoning.■【C】The CatholicChurch resisted, not coming over to the new hours for about acentury.■【D】Fromthe start, however, the towns and cities took equal hours as their standard, andthe public clocks installed in town halls and market squares became the verysymbol of a new, secular municipal authority. Every town wanted one; conquerorsseized them as especially precious spoils of war;tourists came to see and hearthese machines the way they made pilgrimages to sacred relics.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passageis provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choicesthat express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do notbelong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in thepassage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The introduction of the mechanical clock caused important changes to thesociety of medieval Europe.

increasing complexity of social and economic activity in medievalEurope led to the need for a more dependable means of keeping time than sun andwater clocks provided.

use they were unreliable even in sunny climates, sun clocks and waterclocks were rarely used in Europe, even before the invention of the mechanicalclock.

re the mechanical clock, every city wanted a large number oftimekeepers because more timekeepers allowed for better organization ofcollective activities.

after the invention of mechanical clocks, sun and water clocksbecame obsolete because mechanical clocks were far more accurate.

ators help maintain biological diversity by limiting populations of adominant competitor species, thereby preventing that species from excludingothers.

removal of sea stars reduces the diversity of the community in whichthey are predators, and is therefore a bad idea.

托福阅读TPO30答案第3篇:The Invention of the Mechanical Clock

1.从第一段的第二句开始，原文列举了这两种device各种的缺点，最后一句前半句说它们work，后面but表转折，证明要说有些情况它们不能用。所以选择B。A说人们在各种情况下都在使用这两种方法，与原文表达的意思相反，C将两种方法比较，原文没有这层意思。D整个和划线部分相反，原文说在northernEurope不能用。

2.虽然原文提到说城与城之间要保持一直，但其目的是organize collective activity，和ration space。而collective activity对应了选项B，C对应set time to go to sleep,也就是结束工作的时间。D对应开头catholicchurch的prayers活动。

3.对应原文的第二句话，可根据alarm arrangement定位，前文说one of which was at night，后面说to wakenmonk before dawn，这两个都可以算是原因，选项中符合的只有D。

oritative是权威的，A是真实的，B是重要的，C是官方的，D是有效的。因此C是正确的。文章中也说only one怎样的timekeeper，所以应该是官方准确时间。

5.前文说需要它去check 这个machines，which前面说的是solar dials所以指的是the sun。

mentary是基础的。A是稀有的，B是小的，C是不切实际的，D是基本的。所以根据词义D正确。这里我们可以看并列的词都是负面的，这里的rudimentary也是在强调未发展，有落后的意味。如果按照负面词来判断，C可能成为迷惑选项，但其词义不符。

7.可定位至相关段落，关键词为resisted，not comingover，所以证明church在拒绝新的计时方法，也就是在试着保护自己的方法。

alled被安装的，A是需要的，B是被大部分人们希望的，C是标准化的，D是放置于。D最符合，并且原文中原词的后面也跟了地点，所以用D最合适。

9.根据clockmaker定位至倒数第二句，说制表人是正确和精密的领路人然后就对他们各种赞扬。B，C，D选项都是在贬低制表人，所以很容易排除。B，D选项又和最后一句话明显冲突。A符合原文。

10.第五段主要说clockmaker引领了准确，精准工程的发展，他们是master，teacher等等，然后说他们是先锋，但这些都是因为他们是制表人。所以这道题选B。ACD原文都没提到。

eer是先驱，A是领导者，B是对手，C是雇主，D是监护人。原文单词所在句后半句也说道他们作teacher，所以很容易理解他们是领导者。

12.定位到原文最后一句，说使人们从task-oriented和 time-filling busyness的模式变为maximize productper unit of time，从而提高了productivity，所以选择D。A，B原文都提到了，但是是转化前的状态，C没提到。

13.原句中no longer反应宗教仪式了，那么此句前后应该有对现在的计时制度的描写，另外句末提到了religiousritual，所以附近也应该有对宗教组织的态度描写，满足这两个条件的位置是C。

14.A对应第二段倒数第一句和倒数第二句后半句"with urban growth and the multiplication of timesignals, discrepancy brought discord and strife. Society needed a moredependable instrument of time measurement and found it in the mechanicalclock."正确。B与原文第一段矛盾。不选。C原文并没有提到说有大量的timekeepers，而第三段还说只能有一个权威的timekeeper不选。D对应原文第三段，说应用mechanicalclock之后water clock很快被弃用了，但sun clock依然留下用来对照mechanical clock的准确性，错，不选。