十大改变世界的互联网第一(上)

The Internet has made the world a smaller place, with a far reaching influence that's altered the way we view cats and laugh at kids whacked out on drugs after a trip to the dentist. But apart from giving us easier ways to cackle at dumb things, it's also put more information at our fingertips than any invention in the history of mankind.

互联网让世界越来越小，它的影响深远，改变了我们对喵星人的认识，也改变了我们拿小孩子逗乐的方式，比如网上那些关于看完牙医后被药物搞得筋疲力尽的孩子的视频。但是，除了能让我们更方便地对这些蠢事咯咯发笑以外，互联网还让我们轻而易举地获得了大量信息，这是人类历史上任何其他发明都无可比拟的。

It's had a profound effect on the lives of people around the world in many different ways, yet everything we've come to take for granted online came from humble beginnings. Who knows, the next big thing may have already happened in a garage or a basement somewhere and we're just waiting for it to change the world.

互联网在许多不同的方面深刻影响着世界各地人们的生活，然而现在我们在网上看到的觉得理所当然的东西其实都"出身微寒"。谁知道呢，也许下一个大发明已经在某个地方的车库或地下室里诞生了，我们只需静待它来改变世界。

t Picture

10.第一幅图片

The very first picture ever uploaded to the World Wide Web was a picture of the all-girl comedy group Les Horrible Cernettes. The group was made up of administrative assistants and partners of researchers at The European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). Silvano de Gennaro, the group's manager, took the picture backstage at a music festival that was hosted annually by CERN. He Photoshopped it and saved it as a .gif file.

第一幅上传到万维网的图片是一张女子喜剧乐队CERN女郎的照片。这个组合由来自欧洲核子研究组织的行政助理与研究人员组成。CERN每年会主办一次音乐节，乐队经理席尔瓦诺·詹纳罗在一次音乐节的后台拍下了这张照片，他将图片处理后保存为gif格式的文件。

How this particular picture, instead of something artistic or science-based, came to be the first ever picture uploaded to the Web stemmed from the fact that de Gennaro worked at CERN near Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web. When it came time to choose a picture to upload, Berners-Lee used the picture of the band because he wanted to show the heads at CERN that rather than just being a way for scientists to communicate, the Internet could also be fun. He uploaded the picture on July 18, 1992, forever immortalizing a badly photoshopped picture of a comedy band that sang jokes about science.

为什么偏偏是这张照片，而不是某张艺术或科学主题的照片率先上传到网络呢？因为詹纳罗是万维网之父蒂姆·博纳斯·李在CERN的同事。当博纳斯-李要选择图片上传时，就用了这张乐队的照片，因为他想向CERN的领导们证明，互联网不仅仅是科学家交流的工具，它也可以很有趣。他于1992年7月18日上传了这张照片，照片中的喜剧乐队演绎过与科学有关的搞笑歌曲，而这张只经过粗糙PS的合影则成为了永恒。

t Email

9.第一封电子邮件

Email got its start in the early 1960s, when researchers would leave messages in a mailbox for their colleagues, who could only access the notes on the same terminal. Computer-to-computer email got its start in 1968, when Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) was hired by the United States Defense Department to work on ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet. A BNN employee named Ray Tomlinson started working on an experimental file transfer protocol called CYPNET and noticed that it could be used in conjunction with SNDMSG, the program designed to leave electronic messages. In doing so, he discovered he could send a message from one computer to another.

电子邮件出现于20世纪60年代，研究人员会在邮箱里给同事留言，但对方只能在同一个终端才能接收到这些信息。计算机对计算机的邮件最早出现在1968年，当时博尔特·贝拉尼克-纽曼公司受聘为美国国防部研究阿帕网，即因特网的前身。一位名叫雷·汤姆林森的BNN员工着手试验文件传输协议CYPNET，他发现该程序可以与用来发送电子信息的程序SNDMSG结合。这样，他就可以从一台电脑向另一台电脑发送信息。

Tomlinson realized that in order to do this, he needed to have an identifier that basically equated to a mailing address. That's when he came up with one of the most innovative, yet simple ideas of the 20th century: he chose the "@" symbol to connect the user and network, simply because it made the most sense to him. It would include the user's name and the host where it should be sent. In July of 1971 Tomlinson sent the first email to the computer next to his, which read, "QWERTYIOP". After figuring out how to send messages from computer to computer, the idea flourished into the staple of everyday life that we know now.

汤姆林森意识到，要实现这一目的，需要一个标识符，基本上就等同于邮寄地址。就是在这个时候，他想出了20世纪最具创新性而又十分简单的一个点子：他选择 "@" 这个符号来连接用户与网络，原因仅仅是这个符号对他来说意义非凡。它既能包含收件方的用户名，也显示了发送到的主机名称。1971年7月，汤姆林森向他身边的电脑寄出了第一封电子邮件，内容为"QWERTYIOP"。实现了机对机发送信息后，电子邮件逐渐发展成为我们现在所熟悉的日常必需品。

t YouTube Video

8.第一个YouTube视频

The world's third most popular website got its start in early 2005 when it was created by PayPal employees Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim. The popular story, which Karim now disputes, is that Hurley and Chen were at a dinner party and were struggling to show videos, and those difficulties planted the seed that grew into YouTube.

世界第三大热门网站YouTube创立于2005年初，创始人是PayPal公司的员工查德·赫尔利，陈安之和贾伟德·卡里姆。他们的创业故事最广为人知的版本是这样的，据说赫利尔在一次晚宴上想与宾客分享一段视频，但历尽千辛万苦都没有成功，成为了日后YouTube诞生的导火索。但是这个故事被卡里姆所否认。

They first registered the domain on February 14, 2005, and worked on YouTube out of a garage for a few months. On April 23, 2005, at 8:27 p.m. they posted the first video called Me at the zoo. The 19-second video features Karim standing in front of elephants at the San Diego Zoo, talking about his interest in "really, really, really long trunks." Since its launch, YouTube has become the dominant video streaming site and is synonymous with online videos. Only Facebook and Google are more popular websites, with YouTube receiving three billion visitors every day.

他们在2005年的2月14日首次注册了域名，然后窝在一个车库里为YouTube的发展奋战数月。同年4月23日下午8点27分，在YouTube上发布了第一个视频，名为Meat the zoo。在这个19秒的视频中，卡里姆站在圣地亚哥动物园的大象前面，兴致勃勃地谈论着它长的惊人的象鼻。自创立以来，YouTube已经成为了视频媒体网站和在线视频的代名词。它每天的访问量可以达到三十亿，仅次于Facebook和Google。

t Domain Name

7.第一个域名

Symbolics Inc. registered the first domain name, , on March 15, 1985. Symbolics Inc. grew out of MIT's Artificial Intelligence lab, and was the first company to make workstation computers. They were actually so far ahead of the game that "workstation computer" wasn't even a term at that point. The company went bankrupt in the late 1980s, but the owner of the domain kept paying the dues on the website until August of 2009, when it was sold to Investments for an undisclosed price. The website is now a museum of sorts, where you can visit and learn random facts about the Internet.

Symbolics Inc.公司在1985年3月15日注册了第一个域名：。该公司是从麻省理工学院人工智能实验室分拆出来的，也是首家制造工作站计算机的公司。他们在当时的业界遥遥领先，因为那时"工作站计算机"甚至还不是一个专有名词。公司在20世纪80年代末破产，但是这个域名的拥有者仍然坚持支付网站费用。直到2009年8月，该域名卖给投资公司，价格未予披露。这个网站现在类似于博物馆，在那可以随意浏览并了解有关互联网的一切。

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6.第一个网站

While Symbolics was the first domain registered, it wasn't the first website. After all, the internet and the World Wide Web are actually two different things. In the simplest terms, the Internet is what you connect to and the Web is how you view it.

虽然Symbolics是第一个注册的域名，但并不是第一个网站。毕竟因特网和万维网实际上并非一回事。简单来说，因特网是你连接到的地方，而网站决定你怎样浏览它。

You may remember CERN from the Les Horrible Cernettes photo or maybe the Large Hadron Collider, but they also launched very first website on August 6, 1991. It was a simple page, similar to a Word document with black lettering on a white background with blue hyperlinks. It briefly described project W3, better known now as the World Wide Web. On April 30, 2013 – the 20th anniversary of the announcement of the World Wide Web – CERN announced they would re-launch the website. They found a copy that dated back to 1992, with the hopes of digging even deeper into the archives for the earliest possible version.

你或许还因为 Les Horrible Cernettes的照片或者是大型强子对撞机而对欧洲核子研究中心有些印象，但也是他们在1991年8月6日发创办了第一个网站。这只是一个简单的网页，和白底黑字、有着蓝色超链接的word文档相似。简称W3项目，就是我们现在所熟知的万维网。2013年4月30日，第20届万维网公告纪念大会上，欧洲核子研究中心宣布他们要重新启动网站。他们找到了一个1992年的备份，希望对此档案做深入研究以挖掘到最早的版本。

审校：Fiona、郑璐 编辑：Lion 来源；前十网