巴西反腐败博弈走向深入

Brazilian film-makers last week released Federal Police — No One Is Above the Law, a silver screen celebration of Lava Jato or Car Wash, the landmark corruption investigation that has threatened to overturn the country’s entire political establishment.

上周，巴西制片人推出了新片《联邦警察——无人能凌驾于法律之上》(Federal Police — No One Is Above the Law)。这部电影为“洗车行动”(Lava Jato)喝彩——该行动是里程碑式的反腐调查，可能会把巴西整个政坛高层拉下马。

The film soups up reality with Hollywood-style car chases and gun slinging. But the real investigation, which started with a probe into kickbacks at state-owned oil company Petrobras, is proving yet again that fact is often stranger than fiction.

影片对真实事件作了添油加醋，加入了好莱坞式的飞车追逐和枪战。但真正的调查（从调查国有的巴西国家石油公司(Petrobras)的回扣行为开始）再次证明，现实往往比小说更不可思议。

Even as the film was being released, federal police revealed they had found the country`s biggest hoard of criminal cash in an apartment in Salvador, northeastern Brazil — R$51m allegedly belonging to Geddel Vieira Lima, a former minister of President Michel Temer’s government.

就在这部影片放映之际，联邦警察透露，他们在巴西东北部萨尔瓦多一间公寓内发现了巴西金额最大的一笔赃款——总额5100万雷亚尔，据称这笔钱属于曾在巴西总统米歇尔?特梅尔(Michel Temer)政府任职的前部长热德尔?维埃拉?利马(Geddel Vieira Lima)。

Then on the weekend, businessman-turned-state witness Joesley Batista, the former chairman of meatpacker JBS, was arrested on suspicion he had secretly hired one of the investigators in Lava Jato to advise him on his plea bargain in a bribery scandal.

上周末，污点证人、肉类加工商JBS前董事长乔斯利?巴蒂斯塔(Joesley Batista)被逮捕，罪名是他涉嫌秘密收买“洗车行动”的一名调查员，为他在一场贿赂丑闻中的辩诉交易提供咨询。

The developments come at a delicate moment for the Car Wash investigation, with one of its key proponents, prosecutor-general Rodrigo Janot, the head of the country’s independent public prosecutors’ office, due to end his term next week.

现在正处于“洗车行动”调查的微妙时期——该行动的关键支持者之一、巴西独立检察官办公室负责人、总检察长罗德里戈?雅诺(Rodrigo Janot)将于下周结束任期。

More than three years after Car Wash began in April 2014, Brazil’s biggest corruption investigation and its offshoots continue to produce spectacular findings, from Mr Vieira Lima’s alleged treasure to a scandal in May over a taped conversation in which President Temer allegedly discussed bribes with Mr Batista of JBS.

巴西最大规模的反腐调查“洗车行动”于2014年4月启动，如今已持续3年多，有关方面顺藤摸瓜，仍在不断挖掘出重大发现——从利马涉嫌藏匿巨额现金、到5月曝光的据称是特梅尔总统与JBS的巴蒂斯塔讨论贿赂的谈话录音。

But as its success has grown in tackling Brazil’s centuries-old tradition of impunity for the rich and powerful, so have the attacks on Car Wash become more emphatic from a political class that is fighting for its survival, analysts say. The growing power of the independent police, prosecutors and judges has also sparked criticism of over-reach.

但分析人士表示，此次行动在对付巴西数世纪以来“刑不上权贵”这个“传统”上不断取得成功的同时，也招致为了生存而战的政治阶层的越来越高调的反弹。还有人批评称，独立的警方、检方和法官的权力越来越大，有越权执法之嫌。

“We have a thing right now in which the population doesn’t trust political parties, business executives, the judiciary, the supreme court, and now the public prosecutors’ office,” said Rubens Glezer, a professor at FGV Direito SP, a law school.

“我们现在的问题是民众不信任政党、企业高管、司法制度、最高法庭，如今连检察官办公室都不信任了，”法学院FGV Direito SP教授鲁本斯?格列泽罗夫(Rubens Glezer)表示。

Mr Janot, who was appointed prosecutor-general four years ago, has sought to go out with a bang. This past week he indicted former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and for the first time his successor Dilma Rousseff and senior ministers and officials of their leftist Workers’ party for running a “criminal organisation” during their more than 13 years in power between 2002 and 2016. Mr Janot followed up the case with similar accusations against leaders of Mr Temer`s Brazilian Democratic Movement Party. All the accused have issued angry denials.

4年前被任命为总检察长的雅诺试图轰轰烈烈地离任。过去一周，他起诉了巴西前总统路易斯?伊纳西奥?卢拉?达席尔瓦(Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva)，并且首次起诉卢拉的继任者迪尔玛?罗塞夫(Dilma Rousseff)及其左翼劳工党(Workers’ party)的高级部长和官员在2002至2016年超过13年的执政期间执掌一个“犯罪组织”。随后，雅诺又对特梅尔的巴西民主运动党(Brazilian Democratic Movement Party)的主要领导人提起类似刑事指控。所有面临指控的官员都愤怒地进行了否认。

Mr Janot’s other landmark case has been to try to bring Mr Temer to trial for corruption in the Supreme Court over the discussion with Mr Batista of JBS. The businessman secretly taped the conversation before presenting it to the public prosecutors’ office in exchange for a plea bargain.

雅诺另一个里程碑式的案件是，根据特梅尔与JBS的巴蒂斯塔讨论的内容，试图让最高法院对特梅尔涉嫌腐败案进行审理。巴蒂斯塔秘密录下了与特梅尔的谈话内容，然后把录音交给了检察官办公室，作为辩诉交易中的筹码。

But this case has threatened to implode after a new tape emerged this month, this time allegedly of Mr Batista himself talking to a fellow JBS executive. The pair discuss secretly receiving help from a then public prosecutor, Marcelo Miller, to negotiate their plea bargain. Mr Miller denies the allegations. But Mr Batista and the executive, Ricardo Saud, were placed under temporary arrest at the weekend pending an investigation.

但在本月出现新录音后，该案可能会内爆。这一次的录音据称是巴蒂斯塔本人同一名JBS高管的谈话，二人秘密讨论了从当时的检察官马塞洛?米勒(Marcelo Miller)获取帮助，以谈判他们的辩诉交易。米勒否认了相关指控。但巴蒂斯塔和那名高管——里卡多?绍德(Ricardo Saud)——周末被临时逮捕，以待调查。

Public anger over the Batista plea bargain, in which Joesley and his brother Wesley, the chief executive of JBS, were exempted from any jail time, was already high before the controversy over the alleged conflict of interest involving Mr Miller. Analysts said the affair threatened to weaken the popularity of the prosecutors with the public.

即使在据称涉及米勒的利益冲突引发争议之前，公众已经对巴蒂斯塔的辩诉交易——其中乔斯利及其兄弟、JBS首席执行官韦斯利被免除任何监禁——感到愤怒。分析人士表示，最新事件可能会削弱公众对检方的支持度。

Others have criticised the way Brazil’s criminal justice system operates. Geoffrey Robertson QC, an international human rights lawyer who is representing Mr Lula da Silva, said Sérgio Moro, the lead magistrate in the cases against the former president, acted as both the “investigating judge”, authorising wire taps and gathering of evidence, and trial judge. This was a conflict of interest, he said.

还有一些人批评了巴西刑事司法系统的运作方式。代表卢拉的国际人权律师杰弗里?罗伯逊(Geoffrey Robertson QC)称，塞尔吉奥?莫罗(Sérgio Moro)——前总统案件中的主审法官——既担任授权窃听和取证的“调查法官”，又是主审法官。他称，这其中存在利益冲突。

Judge Moro sentenced the former president to nearly 10 years jail in July.

7月，莫罗法官判处卢拉有期徒刑近10年。

“It’s a primitive system,” said Mr Robertson.

罗伯逊称，“这种司法系统是原始的。”

Critics point to other alleged flaws such as the holding of suspects under preventive arrest without charges for indefinite periods and the risk that criminals might begin to “fabricate” plea bargains by entrapping others to escape jail.

批评者指出了其他一些据称存在的缺陷，比如动用“预防性逮捕”权力，在没有提出刑事罪名的情况下无限期羁押嫌疑人；同时还有一个风险：犯罪人可能开始编造故事换取辩诉交易，为了自己不至于入狱而陷害他人。

These are challenges for Mr Janot’s successor, Rachel Dodge, to deal with, analysts say. A career public prosecutor, she was appointed by Mr Temer after coming second in an internal election conducted by the public prosecutors’ association. This was a break with tradition — normally the president chooses the winner of the election.

分析人士称，这些都是雅诺的继任者雷切尔?道奇(Rachel Dodge)需要对付的挑战。道奇是一名职业检察官，她在检察官协会进行的内部选举中排名第二，随后被特梅尔任命。此举打破了传统，正常情况下总统会选择选举的胜者出任总检察长。

But while analysts predict she will try to adopt a more sober approach than the high-profile Mr Janot, they say Car Wash will continue with force.

不过，尽管分析人士预测，道奇将比高调行事的雅诺更加克制冷静，但他们认为“洗车行动”将继续深入。

“There’s a myth in Brazil that Lava Jato is at risk — it was never at risk,” said Fernando Schüler, political analyst at Insper, a business university. “You can’t block investigations in Brazil for a simple reason — the Ministério Público [public prosecutors’ office] and the federal police are independent. The big question, however, is as to whether the investigations are being done properly.”

“巴西有人传言称，‘洗车行动’危在旦夕——这永远不可能发生，”Insper商学院的政治分析师费尔南多?舒勒(Fernando Schüler)表示，“在巴西，你无法用简单的理由阻止调查——检察官办公室(Ministério Público)和联邦警察是独立机构。然而，主要问题是调查方式是否恰当。”

The inquiry also remains the one institution that Brazilians still overwhelmingly support, with 95 per cent of respondents in a recent Ipsos poll backing the probe.

此次调查仍然拥有巴西人压倒性的支持，最近的益普索(Ipsos)民调显示，95%的受访者支持此次调查。

“This investigative drive will continue, this is the new normal in a way,” said Jo?o Augusto de Castro Neves of Eurasia Group.

“调查会继续，在某种程度上这是新常态，”欧亚集团(Eurasia Group)的若昂?奥古斯托?德卡斯特罗?内维斯(Jo?o Augusto de Castro Neves)表示。