四巨头与影响深远的欧洲革命往事
On November 9 1989, a 35-year-old physicist in East Berlin saw the startling news on TV that the border with West Germany was opening.
1989年11月9日，东柏林一位35岁的物理学家在电视上看到一条令人震惊的新闻——东德和西德的边界开放了。
But she didn’t rush to the Berlin Wall.
但她并没有匆忙赶往柏林墙。
Instead — in the definitive display of her trademark patience — Angela Merkel went to the sauna, as she did every Thursday evening.
相反，安格拉.默克尔(Angela Merkel)按照每个周四晚上的习惯去了桑拿房——充分显示出其标志性的耐心。
Only afterwards did she walk to her local border crossing and into West Berlin.
在洗完桑拿后，她才步行前往当地的过境通道，进入了西柏林。
She drank beer in a stranger’s home in the west but made sure to get back to bed on time, because she had work the next morning.
她在西柏林一个陌生人家中喝了啤酒，但还是确保准时回家上床就寝，因为第二天她还要上班。
One month after the Wall fell, exultant East German protesters surrounded the KGB’s mansion in Dresden.
柏林墙倒塌一个月以后，狂喜的东德抗议者包围了克格勃(KGB)在德累斯顿(Dresden)的大楼。
A 37-year-old KGB lieutenant-colonel named Vladimir Putin phoned the local Soviet military to ask for reinforcements but was told that nothing could be done because, Moscow is silent.
37岁的克格勃中校弗拉基米尔.普京(Vladimir Putin)打电话给当地的苏联驻军请求增援，但被告知军方无能为力，因为莫斯科沉默了。
Putin would never forget that moment.
普京永远不会忘记那一刻。
Meanwhile in Budapest, the 26-year-old lawyer Viktor Orban shot to fame after a speech demanding that Soviet troops leave Hungary.
同时，在布达佩斯，26岁的律师欧尔班.维克托(Viktor Orban)发表了要求苏军撤出匈牙利的演讲，从此声名鹊起。
Over in Poland, the velvet transition from communism left the Solidarity official Jaroslaw Kaczynski so disappointed that he began his long battle to complete the revolution.
在波兰，摆脱共产党统治的天鹅绒革命让团结工会(Solidarity)官员雅罗斯瓦夫.卡钦斯基(Jaroslaw Kaczynski)如此失望，以至于他开始自己的长期斗争，目标是完成未竟的革命事业。
Today, these four people lead their countries.
今天，这四个人是他们各自国家的领袖。
Merkel, Putin and Orbán have done so for a combined 37 years, while Kaczynski is Poland’s unelected power behind the throne.
默克尔、普京和欧尔班领导他们国家的时间加起来达到37年，而卡钦斯基是波兰未经选举但手握大权的幕后人物。
All four were shaped by the 1989 revolutions.
塑造这4个人的正是1989年发生的革命。
Putin had witnessed the first successful nationalist uprising against Soviet rule.
普京目击了第一次成功的反抗苏联统治的民族主义起义。
Deserted by Moscow, he had gone out into the Dresden street alone
在被莫斯科抛弃的情况下，他独自走出德累斯顿克格勃大楼的大门。
— in spirit, bare-chested, adds Timothy Garton Ash, author of the book We The People, on the 1989 revolutions —
有关1989年革命的著作《我们人民》(We The People)的作者蒂莫西.加顿-阿什(Timothy Garton Ash)补充说，这时候的普京情绪激昂，裸露着胸膛。
and told the protesters, in German, that anyone entering the mansion would be shot.
他用德语告诉抗议者，任何人如果胆敢进入克格勃大楼都会被射杀。
The crowd duly backed off.
结果人群知趣地退去。
But the East German agents Putin worked with had their lives ruined, the country he liked so much vanished,
但与普京共事的东德特工的生活被毁了，他情有独钟的国家消失了。
and the Putin family ended up driving back to Leningrad with little more than a 20-year-old German washing machine.
最后，普京一家驾车回到列宁格勒，车上最贵重的财物只是一台用了20年的德国洗衣机。
The lesson he drew from the 1989 revolution was: never again.
他从1989年的革命汲取的教训是：绝不能让这一幕重演。
Putin concluded that if Moscow hadn’t been silent and weak, it could have crushed the mob.
普京得出了一个结论：如果当时莫斯科没有保持沉默，表现出软弱，就能够制伏那些暴民。
Garton Ash told me: Everything Putin has been is about trying to ensure the revolution does not happen in Moscow.
加顿-阿什告诉我：自那以来普京一切的一切都是为了确保莫斯科不会爆发革命。
He is the counter-revolution.
他是革命的克星。
In 1989, Merkel lived in East Berlin’s Prenzlauer Berg neighbourhood.
1989年，默克尔住在东柏林的普伦茨劳贝格区(Prenzlauer Berg)。
Today, the Prenzlberg is totally gentrified, but when I moved there in 1990 some of the rundown apartment buildings still had bullet holes from the second world war, telephones were rare and the air reeked of black coal.
今天，这里已经完全被改造为高档地段，但在1990年我迁居到这里的时候，我依然能在一些破旧的公寓楼看到二战时期留下的子弹孔，电话非常少见，空气中弥漫着煤炭的味道。
Prenzlauer Berg had attracted East Germany’s bohemians, and, in 1989, most of them dreamt of a new, better system than West German democracy.
当年普伦茨劳贝格吸引了东德一些放荡不羁的人，在1989年，其中大多数人梦想着一种比西德民主更好的新型体制。
Merkel didn’t, says Garton Ash.
加顿-阿什说，默克尔并不这么想。
She simply wanted to do West German centrist politics, but better.
她只想投入西德的中间派政治，但希望自己做得更好。
The veterans of 1989 who went on to capture power were the realists.
经历了1989年革命、后来掌握了权力的老将都是现实主义者。
For Merkel, the end of East Germany was unambiguously positive.
对默克尔来说，东德的终结无疑是件好事。
She emerged from the sauna and was free.
那天晚上从桑拿房出来后，她就已经是一个自由人。
No longer would she have to run communist agitation and propaganda at her workplace, East Berlin’s Institute for Physical Chemistry.
她再也不用在工作单位——东柏林物理化学研究所——进行共产主义宣传和动员。
She also appreciated the DM100 in welcome money that West Germany handed out to East Germans.
西德发放给每个东德人的100德国马克的欢迎费也让她感激。
Later, she instinctively wanted to pass on this experience of welcome to future freedom-seekers.
后来，她本能地想把这种受到欢迎的体验传递给未来那些寻求自由的人。
Last year’s opening of German borders to one million refugees has a very strong ’89 connection, says Garton Ash.
加顿-阿什表示，去年默克尔决定向100万难民开放德国边境与89年有非常强的联系。
Today, as Merkel sits in the chancellery, 5km from her old flat, she remains marked in another way by 1989.
今天，默克尔身处离她的旧公寓5公里远的总理官邸，1989年还以另一种方式给她留下了印记。
She feels that just as East Germany collapsed in a night, so could the European Union and all that goes with it.
她认为，就像东德可以在一夜间崩塌一样，欧盟(EU)及其带来的一切也是如此。
Stopping that from happening is her unspectacular political mission.
阻止这一事态的发生是她的不引人注目的政治使命。
Poland had no single revolutionary night in 1989.
波兰在1989年并未经历标志性的革命之夜。
Rather, Solidarity and the ruling communists negotiated a transition.
相反，团结工会和执政的共产党谈判达成了过渡事宜。
It had to be that way, as there were still Soviet troops in Poland then, but Kaczynski, the editor of Solidarity’s weekly magazine, was left frustrated.
当时只能如此，因为波兰境内仍驻扎着苏联军队，但团结工会的周刊编辑卡钦斯基对此很失望。
His father, a veteran of Warsaw’s 1944 uprising against the Nazis, had raised his twin sons on tales of heroic resistance to foreign rule.
他的父亲曾参与1944年华沙反抗纳粹起义，这名老兵用英勇抵抗外国统治的故事来教导双胞胎儿子。
In 1989, the Kaczynski twins felt marginalised, left out by people in Warsaw, says Garton Ash.
加顿-阿什表示，卡钦斯基两兄弟在1989年感到被排挤，被华沙人民抛在一边。
Today, Kaczynski aims to finish 1989’s unfinished revolution.
如今，卡钦斯基的目标是完成1989年未竟的革命。
That means rooting out the communists, whom he sees in every ministry, company and media outlet, and freeing Poland from foreign oppression — which, to him, now means Merkel’s Germany, Putin’s Russia, the EU, gay marriage and refugees.
这意味着铲除共党分子（在他眼里，每个政府部门、每家公司和媒体都显然存在这些人），并将波兰从外国压迫中解放出来；在他眼里，外国压迫现在意味着默克尔主政的德国、普京主政的俄罗斯、欧盟、同性恋婚姻和难民。
With hindsight, the 1989 revolutions were probably more nationalist than liberal.
事后来看，1989年的革命很可能在更大程度上是民族主义，而不是自由主义的。
Since 1989, Orbán has morphed from a liberal into an authoritarian but has always remained a nationalist.
自1989年以后，欧尔班从一个自由派人士演变成了威权者，但一直是一名民族主义者。
He seems to have figured out that in Hungary nationalist votes outnumber liberal ones.
他似乎已经想明白，在匈牙利，民族主义者的票数超过自由派人士。
He may also feel that as a hero of his country’s revolution, he has a right to rule — a sentiment once common among Africa’s liberators-turned-dictators.
他可能还觉得，身为本国革命的一个英雄，他有权去统治——这种观点在非洲的解放者转独裁者当中一度十分常见。
For central and eastern European leaders, 1989 was only yesterday.
对于中、东欧领导人来说，1989年就在昨天。
