尚伯格 亲历红色高棉大屠杀的时报记者
Sydney H. Schanberg, a correspondent for The New York Times who won a Pulitzer Prize for covering Cambodia’s fall to the Khmer Rouge in 1975 and inspired the film “The Killing Fields” with the story of his Cambodian colleague’s survival during the genocide of millions, died Saturday in Poughkeepsie, New York. He was 82.
西德尼·H·尚伯格(Sydney H. Schanberg)曾是《纽约时报》的记者，他凭借对1975年柬埔寨沦于红色高棉(Khmer Rouge)统治的报道而获得普利策奖(Pulitzer Prize)，他的柬埔寨同事在数百万人的大屠杀中幸存的故事成为《杀戮战场》(The Killing Fields)的蓝本。尚伯格周六在纽约州波基普西市去世，享年82岁。
His death was confirmed by Charles Kaiser, a friend and former Times reporter, who said Schanberg had a heart attack Tuesday.
他的死讯得到他的好友、前时报记者查尔斯·凯泽(Charles Kaiser)证实。凯泽称，尚伯格周二心脏病发作。
A restive, intense, Harvard-educated newspaperman with bulldog tenacity, Schanberg was a nearly ideal foreign correspondent: a risk-taking adventurer who distrusted officials, relied on himself in a war zone and wrote vividly of political and military tyrants and the suffering and death of their victims with the passion of an eyewitness to history.
尚伯格是一名近乎完美的驻外记者，他倔强、热情、在哈佛受过教育，是个斗牛犬般顽强的报人。他敢于冒险，不信任官员，对政治、军事暴君，以及他们的受害者所遭受的苦难和死亡，做出了生动的描述。
In the spring of 1975, as Pol Pot’s Communist guerrillas closed in on the capital, Phnom Penh, after five years of civil war in Cambodia, Schanberg and his assistant, Dith Pran, refused to heed directives from Times editors in New York to evacuate the city and remained behind as nearly all Western reporters, diplomats and senior officials of Cambodia’s U.S.-backed Lon Nol government fled for their lives.
1975年春，波尔布特(Pol Pot)的共产主义游击队逼近首都金边时，尚伯格和助理狄潘(Dith Pran)在柬埔寨经历了五年内战之后，拒绝听从时报纽约编辑部的指示撤离该市。在几乎所有的西方记者和外交官以及美国支持的柬埔寨朗诺(Lon Nol)政府的高级官员们逃命之后，他们依然留在那里。
“Our decision to stay,” Schanberg later wrote, “was founded on our belief — perhaps, looking back, it was more a devout wish or hope — that when the Khmer Rouge won their victory, they would have what they wanted and would end the terrorism and brutal behavior we had written so often about.”
“我们决定留下，”尚伯格后来写道，“因为我们相信——现在看来，可能更多的是衷心希望——红色高棉在获得胜利之后，会得到他们想要的，会结束我们之前经常描述的恐怖主义和残酷行为。”
But when the guerrillas rolled in, after a brief period of calm, there was widespread shooting, looting and many executions. Schanberg and Dith were seized and threatened with death. “Most of the soldiers are teenagers,” Schanberg noted in his last dispatch. “They are universally grim, robotlike, brutal. Weapons drip from them like fruit from trees — grenades, pistols, rifles, rockets.”
但是，在游击队涌入之后，经过短暂的平静，开始大范围射杀、劫掠和处决。尚伯格和狄潘被逮捕，并遭到死亡威胁。“大部分士兵都是十几岁的孩子，”尚伯格在最后一篇报道中写道，“他们都很严肃，像机器人，冷酷无情。他们身上就像结满果实的树一样挂满武器——手榴弹、手枪、步枪和火箭弹。”
Dith’s pleas saved Schanberg, and the two journalists took refuge in the French Embassy compound, a vestige of colonial rule. Later, Dith and other Cambodians were expelled from the compound and forced to join an exodus of civilians into the countryside.
狄潘的恳求挽救了尚伯格，这两名记者前往法国大使馆的大院内避难，那里是殖民统治的遗址。后来，狄潘和其他柬埔寨人被从这个大院驱逐出去，随大批平民百姓前往农村。
It was the beginning of a monstrous social experiment: the expulsion of millions from cities and the suppression of educated classes to recast Cambodia as an agrarian utopia. The failed experiment over the next four years cost the lives of 2 million people to starvation, disease, slave-labor brutality and murder.
那是极其荒谬的社会实验的开端：将数百万人从城市驱逐到农村，镇压受过教育的阶层，把柬埔寨改造成农业乌托邦。接下来四年失败的试验导致200万人因饥饿、疾病、残酷的奴役劳作和处决而死亡。
Two weeks after his capture, Schanberg and other foreigners were evacuated by truck to Thailand, where he filed the first account of the fall and emptying of Phnom Penh. He told of massacres and fires, of streets and roads littered with bodies, of forced marches that turned the city overnight into a graveyard.
尚伯格被捕后两周，他和其他外国人被装上卡车，送到泰国，他在那里第一次发回关于金边沦陷和清空的报道。他讲到大屠杀和纵火，街头散落着尸体，强行军一夜之间把这座城市变成墓地。
“Two million people suddenly moved out of the city in stunned silence — walking, bicycling, pushing cars that had run out of fuel, covering the roads like a human carpet,” he wrote. “A once-throbbing city became an echo chamber of silent streets lined with abandoned cars and gaping, empty shops. Streetlights burned eerily for a population that was no longer there.”
“200万人突然之间在令人震惊的沉默中离开这座城市——步行、骑自行车、推着燃油耗尽的汽车，像人毯一样布满道路，”他写道，“曾经热闹的城市变得空荡荡的，寂静的街道两旁是废弃的汽车和空无一人的店铺。街灯依然诡异地亮着，街上一个人也没有。”
Schanberg returned to New York. Overwhelmed with guilt over having to leave Dith behind, he asked for time off to write about his experiences, to help Dith’s refugee wife and four children establish a new life in San Francisco and to begin the seemingly hopeless task of finding his friend.
尚伯格回到纽约。他为不得不把狄潘留在柬埔寨感到十分内疚，他要求休假，写下自己的经历，帮助狄潘逃难的妻子和四个孩子在旧金山开始新的生活，并且开始寻找自己的朋友——虽然这似乎毫无希望。
He was showered with awards, including the Pulitzer, which he said he shared with Dith. He also became a metropolitan editor and columnist at The Times.
他获了很多奖，包括普利策，他说这些奖项属于他和狄潘。他还成了时报的都市版编辑，并且开了专栏。
For years there was no news of Dith, who had disguised his educated background and survived beatings, backbreaking labor and a diet of insects, rodents and as little as a tablespoon of rice a day. In 1978, Vietnam invaded Cambodia and replaced Pol Pot with a client regime. Dith escaped over the border with Thailand in 1979 and was soon reunited with Schanberg.
有很多年，狄潘音讯全无，他隐藏自己受过教育的背景，遭受毒打，进行繁重的体力劳动，以昆虫和鼠类为食，每天只能吃到一汤匙大米。1978年，越南进攻柬埔寨，以代理政府取代波尔布特。1979年，狄潘逃到泰国边境，很快与尚伯格重逢。
After moving Dith and his family to New York and helping him obtain a job as a photographer at The Times, Schanberg wrote “The Death and Life of Dith Pran,” a 1980 cover article for The New York Times Magazine, which was later published as a book. The story became the basis for Roland Joffé's 1984 movie, “The Killing Fields,” starring Sam Waterston as Schanberg and Dr. Haing S. Ngor as Dith. Ngor, who won an Oscar for best supporting actor, was a physician who had also survived the Cambodian holocaust.
尚伯格帮狄潘一家搬到纽约，为他在时报找到一份摄影师的工作。之后，他开始撰写《狄潘的生死》(The Death and Life of Dith Pran)，它是《纽约时报杂志》1980年的封面文章，后来出版成书。这个故事成为罗兰·约菲(Roland Joffé)1984年影片《杀戮战场》的蓝本，由萨姆·沃特斯顿(Sam Waterston)饰演尚伯格，吴汉润(Haing S. Ngor)饰演狄潘。吴汉润是一名医生，也是柬埔寨大屠杀的幸存者，他凭借此片获得了奥斯卡最佳男配角奖。
The film was widely praised. “'The Killing Fields’ emerges as an emotionally charged vision of hell on earth, a jolting reminder of the wanton destruction of a gentle people by another of history’s madmen,” Kathleen Carroll wrote in The Daily News. But Vincent Canby of The Times called it “diffuse and wandering,” adding, “Something vital is missing, and that’s the emotional intensity of Schanberg’s first-person prose.”
这部影片广受好评。“《杀戮战场》扣人心弦地描绘了人间地狱的情形，令人震撼地重现了又一位历史狂人对温顺人民的恣意毁灭，”凯思琳·卡罗尔(Kathleen Carroll)在《每日新闻》(The Daily News)上写道。不过，时报的文森特·坎比(Vincent Canby)称它“情节散漫”，还说它“缺乏最重要的一点，也就是尚伯格以第一人称描述的那种情感强度”。
Sydney Hillel Schanberg was born in Clinton, Massachusetts, on Jan. 17, 1934, to Louis Schanberg, a grocery store owner, and the former Freda Feinberg. Sydney attended Clinton schools and graduated from Harvard in 1955 with a bachelor’s degree in American history. Drafted in 1956, he served as a reporter for a U.S. Army newspaper in Frankfurt.
西德尼·希勒尔·尚伯格1934年1月17日出生于马萨诸塞州克林顿市。父亲是一名食品杂货店主，名叫路易斯·尚伯格(Louis Schanberg)，母亲原名弗蕾达·范伯格(Freda Feinberg)。西德尼一直在克林顿接受小学和中学教育，1955年从哈佛大学毕业，获得美国历史学士学位。他1956年入伍，担任一家美国军队报纸驻法兰克福的记者。
He joined The Times in 1959 as a copy boy and became a staff reporter in 1960, covering general assignments and government agencies. In 1964, he began covering the New York state Legislature, and in 1967 he was named Albany, New York, bureau chief, in charge of state government reporting.
他1959年加入时报，从打下手开始，1960年成为全职记者，负责进行一般性的新闻报道和政府机关有关的选题。1964年，他开始报道纽约州的立法机构，1967年被任命为纽约州奥尔巴尼分社的社长，负责报道州政府事务。
He married Janice Sakofsky in 1967. The couple had two daughters, Jessica and Rebecca, and were divorced. In 1995, he married Jane Freiman.
1967年，他和贾妮丝·萨科夫斯基(Janice Sakofsky)结婚。他们生了两个女儿——杰西卡(Jessica)和丽贝卡(Rebecca)——后来两人离婚。1995年，他与简·弗赖曼(Jane Freiman)结婚。
Schanberg joined The Times’s foreign staff in 1969 and was named bureau chief in New Delhi. He covered India’s 13-day war with Pakistan in 1971. He met Dith on a trip to Phnom Penh in 1972, and as Schanberg’s reporting from Vietnam and Cambodia grew, The Times hired Dith as his aide and translator. As the Southeast Asia correspondent from 1973-75, Schanberg focused increasingly on the Khmer Rouge insurgency.
1969年，尚伯格成为时报的驻外记者，被任命为新德里分社的社长。1971年，他报道了印度与巴基斯坦的13日战争。1972年，他在前往金边的途中遇见狄潘，随着尚伯格从越南和柬埔寨发回的报道增多，时报雇佣狄潘担任他的助手和翻译。1973年至1975年，尚伯格作为东南亚记者，越来越多地把注意力放到红色高棉的叛乱状态。
After his foreign assignments, Schanberg was The Times’s metropolitan editor from 1977-80 and wrote a column twice a week, with a focus on New York, from 1981-85. It was discontinued after he criticized the Times’ coverage of the proposed Westway highway in Manhattan.
结束驻外报道后，尚伯格从1977年至1980年担任时报的都市版编辑，从1981年至1985年每周写两篇专栏文章，重点关注纽约。他批评时报对提议中的曼哈顿西路公路(Westway)的报道之后，停止了专栏的写作。
The Times offered him another assignment, but he left the paper after 26 years to write a column for New York Newsday, where he remained for a decade.
时报给他提供了另一份工作，但他决定离开，之前他为时报工作了26年。之后，他开始为《纽约新闻日报》(New York Newsday)写专栏，一写就是10年。
Schanberg, who lived in New Paltz, New York, returned to Cambodia in 1989 and 1997 and wrote articles for Vanity Fair. He also wrote for Penthouse and The Nation and columns of media criticism for The Village Voice. “Beyond the Killing Fields,” an anthology of his reporting, appeared in 2010. Besides the Pulitzer, he won two George Polk Memorial awards, two Overseas Press Club awards and Sigma Delta Chi’s distinguished journalism prize.
尚伯格家住纽约州新帕尔茨。他于1989年和1997年两次返回柬埔寨，为《名利场》(Vanity Fair)撰文。他还为《藏春阁》杂志(Penthouse)、《国家》杂志(The Nation)以及《村声》(The Village Voice)的媒体评论专栏撰文。他的报道选集《战火之外》(Beyond the Killing Fields)2010年出版。除了普利策奖，他还两次获得乔治·波克纪念奖(George Polk Memorial)，两次获得海外记者俱乐部奖(Overseas Press Club)，并获得职业新闻工作者协会(Sigma Delta Chi)的杰出新闻奖。
“I’m a very lucky man to have had Pran as my reporting partner and even luckier that we came to call each other brother,” Schanberg said after Dith died in 2008. “His mission with me in Cambodia was to tell the world what suffering his people were going through in a war that was never necessary. It became my mission too. My reporting could not have been done without him.”
“我非常幸运地遇上潘做我的报道伙伴，更幸运的是我们慢慢地亲如兄弟，”2008年狄潘去世后，尚伯格说，“他跟我一起在柬埔寨的使命是，告诉世人他的同胞在一场毫无必要的战争中遭受的苦难。那也成为我的使命。没有他，我不可能完成那些报道。”
