京雾霾下的贫富分化:两种城市,一个故事

Beijing's smog: A tale of two cities

北京雾霾：两种城市，一个故事

The first thing Jiang Wang does when she wakes up in the morning is check on her daughter to make sure she's breathing clean air.

王江每天早上醒来的第一件事就是查看女儿今天能不能呼吸到干净的空气。

Next, it's time to start making breakfast. She's already made sure all the groceries come from an organic farm.

然后该做早饭了。她保证所有的食材都产自有机农场。

She'll wash her produce with tap water filtered through a separate treatment system under her sink.

水槽下方装有分体式处理系统，她用过滤水清洗餐具和食材。

But that water isn't for drinking -- there's imported bottled water for that.

但是过滤水不是用来喝的——喝的是进口瓶装水。

This is how Wang typically starts her day, trying to minimize the effects of the toxic environment in Beijing.

这就是王江一天的开头，尽量把北京有毒环境的影响降到最小。

"From the moment you open your eyes till the moment, you rest in the evening," she says, "you have to pay really (close) attention, to the air, to the water, to the food you eat."

她说：“从早上睁眼到晚上休息，真的要（十分）注意。注意空气，注意水，注意食物。”

Wang and her family are part of a growing number of Beijingers who are trying to pollution-proof their lives.

北京人里像王江和她家其中只是一部分，类似的人数还在持续上涨，他们试图过上和污染隔绝的生活。

And money is no cost.

钱不是问题。

It's "very expensive," she says. "But think about the health. There is nothing to trade off."

王江承认这种生活“特别耗钱”。可转念一想，钱换不来健康。

But for Beijing's rising middle class and poorer residents, this high-end home equipment is financially out of reach.

然而对于北京增长的中产阶级和贫困居民，这种高端家庭器材在收入上就遥不可及。

That's turning pollution into both a health issue and a class issue -- and it's killing off those left behind.

这种差距把一个污染问题转变成了两个，健康问题和阶级问题——且污染正在消灭落在高收入后面的人。

Research by Nanjing University's School of the Environment has linked smog with nearly one-third of all deaths in China, positioning it on a par with smoking as a threat to public health.

据南京大学环境学院调查，中国近三分之一的死亡和雾霾有关。调查认定雾霾对公共卫生的威胁与吸烟同等。

Published in November last year, the study analyzed over 3 million deaths across 74 cities throughout China in 2013. The findings revealed that as many as 31.8% of all recorded deaths could be linked to pollution, with major cities in Hebei, the province that encircles Beijing, ranked among the worst.

去年十月刊登的研究分析了2013年全中国74座城市3百多万死亡案例。结果揭示出全部有记录死亡案例中的31.8%和污染相关，主要分布在河北省。河北省环抱北京，污染排名位列最差之一。

"Air pollution exacerbates inequality between the rich and poor in urban China," Matthew Kahn, a professor of economics at the University of Southern California, told CNN in an email.

南加州大学经济学教授马修·卡恩在邮件中对CNN说：“大气污染加剧了中国城市贫富不均。”

"The rich live in cleaner parts of the city and on more polluted days they can drive to work, work inside, access better doctors, have second homes in the countryside and have expensive and effective air filters."

“富人住在城市更清洁、污染天数更少的地方。他们可以开车去上班，在室内工作，看更好的医生，到乡下多买一处房子，安装昂贵又实用的空气净化器。”

Beijing risks becoming a tale of two cities, a place where the rich and poor don't even breathe the same air.

北京承受着风险，同一个故事中分化成两种城市的风险，变成富人和穷人连呼吸空气都不一样的风险。

It adds up

日积月累

The Wang family recently installed a fresh air filtering system, which cost them about $4,300.

最近王江家花费4300美元安装了一套空气清新过滤系统。

It works like a ventilation system, cleaning outside air and pumping it into their home.

这套系统就像通风系统，净化外部空气再输入室内。

They also have an air purifier in each room, eight in all, to filter out carbon dioxide and take care of any dirty air that may leak in. Those add up to about $7,200.

他们还在每个房间安装了共八台空气净化器，过滤二氧化碳跟任何溜进家里的污染空气。这些器材加起来花了大概7200美元。

And the purifiers need to be changed about once a month -- which rings in at $430.

空气净化器需要每个月更换一次，花费430美元。

Water filters for sinks run about $300 and shower filters can cost upwards of $1,000 on JD, a popular Chinese e-commerce site.

水槽下的过滤器花费大概300美元，淋浴过滤器在京东（中国的一个火爆电商网站）上售价1000美元以上。

For the super wealthy, companies such as Environment Assured, an indoor air quality and water filtration consultancy, will assess the toxicity of living and office spaces.

针对巨富们的需求，环境保障之类的室内空气质量和滤水咨询公司会评定生活环境和办公环境的毒性。

The company offers a top-of-the-line package that comes in at just under $15,000, according to Alex Cukor, the vice president of enterprise solutions at Environment Assured.

据环境保障公司企业方案部门副总亚力克斯·库克表示，公司提供同类商品中最好的产品套装，一套不到15000美元。

Real estate prices can swing based on technology and proximity to pollution, too.

房地产价格会在技术和污染距离远近的基础上摆动。

A two-bedroom apartment in Beijing's MOMA complex -- where the units come equipped with air filtration systems -- cost far in excess of $3 million, according to the Lianjia real estate listings.

根据链家房地产列表数据显示，北京MOMA住宅区里两室一厅的公寓售价远不止3百万，所有单元自带空气过滤系统。

That's almost six times the cost of a similarly-sized apartment on the city's dusty fringes.

这里公寓的售价几近北京灰扑扑的外环同面积公寓的六倍。

And these costs aren't reserved to homes.

而且这些公寓还不面向家庭预售。

The International School of Beijing, where tuition is north of $37,000 a year, built a pressurized dome for kids to play in during the smog. It cost $5 million. (Some public schools have also built domes recently.)

北京国际学校，每年学费37000美元，学校建有加压圆顶体育场供孩子们在雾霾天活动。体育场耗资5百万美元。（一些公立学校不久前也建设了圆顶体育场。）

Some people will get organic produce shipped directly to their homes. A yearly membership to Tony's Farm costs $3,400. That will get you two weekly deliveries of produce, three kilograms (about 6.6 pounds) each.

有机食品会直接运送到部分人家里。托尼农场一年的会员资格收费3400美元，农场每周给每位会员送三公斤（6.6磅）产品。

Others escape the bad air by traveling abroad.

其他人则出游海外以逃离污染空气。

And then there's the more outlandish products.

还有更多稀奇古怪的产品。

You can buy canned air from Britain for $115 a bottle. Anti-pollution creams can top $100 (the jury's still out on how well these work) and there are also expensive "pollution-catching" amulets.

你可以购买产自英国的罐装空气，每瓶115美金。防污染乳霜（审核人员尚未认定产品效果如何）100美元以上。还有昂贵的“污染捕捉”护身符。

The typical Beijinger likely can't afford any of that -- the average individual salary is a little less than $17,00 year, according to a report from Peking University. And that's the highest in China.

从北京大学的数据报告来看，大多数北京人恐怕负担不起其中任何一项——平均个人工资稍低于1700美元。而这个数字在中国是最高的了。

But even though the China's economic boom has delivered material wealth to millions, growing numbers are becoming frustrated that China's elite and ultra-wealthy -- many of whom got rich off the country's rapid industrialization that caused the pollution problem -- can protect themselves, but they can't.

尽管中国经济繁荣为数百万人带来了物质财富，但增长的数字渐渐让精英和巨富垂头丧气——他们中大多数依靠国家高速工业化发迹，而高速工业化带来污染问题，而他们没法从污染中保全自己。

"It really has reached a point where concern over air pollution throughout the country is threatening China's social stability," Barbara Finamore of the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) said in a question and answer session in May.

战略与国际研究中心（CSIS）的芭芭拉·菲纳莫雷在五月份一次问答会上表示：“对全国大气污染的关注达到了威胁中国社会稳定的节点。”

A recent environmental protest in the southwest city of Chengdu was quickly quashed by authorities.

最近的一次环境抗议发生在西南城市成都，很快就被官方平息了。

Baby steps

婴儿学步

China is the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gasses, and it's costly -- the country's economy lost roughly $535 billion due to pollution in 2012, according to the RAND corporation.

中国是世界最大的温室气体排放者，且排放代价高昂——据兰德公司数据显示，由于2012年的污染，中国国家经济粗略上损失了5350亿美元。

The government knows air quality is a pressing problem and publicly declared a "war on pollution" in 2014.

政府清楚空气质量问题迫在眉睫，于2014年公开宣布打响“治污战役”。

With their newfound wealth, China's upper and middles classes have been able to travel abroad and see more of the world -- and in turn learn about the dangers of pollution and how to avoid it.

手握新财富，中国上层和中产阶级已能出游海外，见识更大的世界——反之也了解了污染的危险性和避免污染的办法。

But on the street during a red alert it is still commonplace to see ordinary people wearing a scarf over their mouth and nose, rather than a protective mask. Even state media has said the government needs to better study and understand the effects of pollution.

但污染红色警报期间，街头巷尾照样能见到普罗大众用围巾裹住口鼻而不是戴着防护口罩。尽管官方媒体已经表达了政府需要更好地学习和理解污染带来的影响。

Still, China had some success in recent years, both locally -- 663 localities in Beijing's city limits replaced coal with clean energy, state-run Xinhua news reported -- and internationally, with the signing of the Paris climate accords.

近几年内中国仍取得了一些成绩——地方上，663个北京下属地区限制城市用煤，清洁能源取而代之；国际上，签署了巴黎气候协议。

And China actually leads the world in wind and solar power, according CSIS' Finamore.

战略与国际研究中心表明，实际上是中国引领了世界风能和太阳能的使用。

Such measures though have done little to dispel the view that Beijing is becoming increasingly unlivable. "Under the Dome," a Chinese documentary on the negative effects of pollution, took the country by storm when it debuted in 2015. The film drew millions of views online, before government censors stepped in and removed it from Chinese video sharing websites.

这些措施离对消除北京向不适宜居住逐步变化的作用微乎其微。《苍穹之下》，一部展现污染负面影响的纪录片，2015年首次登场便犹如风暴席卷中国。在政府审查介入并删除视频分享网站上的资源前，影片观影数就达几百万之巨。