中国顶层战略将做强中资制造商
South Korea, Germany and Japan are among the countries most at risk from an upsurge in Chinese manufacturing competitiveness that is likely to flow from Beijing’s top-level strategy to become a high-tech power by 2025, a German think-tank has found.
德国一家智库发现，北京方面到2025年将中国打造成为高科技强国的顶层战略可能大幅提升其国内制造业的竞争力，在这个过程中，韩国、德国和日本等国家最可能遭受冲击。
While inefficiencies in resource allocation and deficiencies in innovation are likely to hamper realisation of the “Made in China 2025” plan, a deep pool of available funding and powerful political backing are set to elevate a clutch of Chinese manufacturers to the world’s top echelon, according to a report by The Mercator Institute for China Studies (Merics), a Berlin-based think-tank.
尽管资源配置低效和创新匮乏可能阻碍“中国制造2025”计划的实现，但柏林一家智库墨卡托中国研究中心(Mercator Institute for China Studies)的报告显示，大量资金来源和有力的政治支持将会把一批中国制造商推升至世界顶级水平。
“Even if Made in China 2025 will not fully accomplish its objective of achieving the widespread application of smart manufacturing in the next decade, the plan will develop an enormous impact that will be felt not only in China but throughout the global economy,” said the report, which is published on Wednesday.
这份发表于周三的报告称：“即便中国制造2025计划不会完全实现下个十年广泛普及智能制造的目标，它也会产生巨大的影响，不只是在中国，整个全球经济都会感受到这种影响。”
“Industrial countries should have no illusions: Made in China 2025 will elevate a small but powerful group of Chinese manufacturers, dramatically increasing their competitiveness,” the report added.
报告补充称：“工业国家不应有任何幻想：中国制造2025计划将提升一小批实力强大的中国制造商，极大地增强它们的竞争力。”
The Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Hungary, Japan and South Korea are most at risk from the strategy because each of them derives more than 40 per cent of the value of their industrial output from the high-tech and medium-tech industries that are targeted in China’s plan (see chart).
捷克共和国、德国、意大利、匈牙利、日本和韩国最容易受到中国这一战略的影响，因为它们的工业产值中都有超过40%的份额来自在该战略中被当作目标的中高等科技行业。
The Merics report, which was based on an examination of policy documents, expert journals and newspaper articles, as well as more than 60 interviews with Chinese experts, finds that one clear aim of the industrial strategy is to cultivate domestic champions to replace the sales by foreign companies in China.
墨卡托报告是在对政策文件、专业期刊和媒体报道的研究以及对中国专家60多次采访的基础上写成的。该报告发现，中国工业战略的一个明确目标是培育国内冠军企业，来取代在华外企的销售。
“Industrial policy in China often entails measures to discriminate against foreign enterprises,” the Merics report said. “For instance, the national and local governments restrict access to public procurement and limit the possibility of inward-directed foreign-direct investment.”
墨卡托在报告中表示：“中国的工业政策往往涉及对外国企业的歧视措施。例如，中央和地方政府限制外资进入公共采购领域，并限制外商直接投资进入中国的可能性。”
Such measures are not yet prevalent in the areas of “smart” manufacturing, including robotics, industrial software, sensors and others, because most Chinese companies are currently too backward to benefit. But this could change as domestic companies climb the technology ladder and move into direct competition with foreign corporations in China.
此类歧视措施在“智能”制造领域（包括机器人、工业软件、传感器以及其他）还不盛行，因为大多数中国企业当前在这个领域还过于落后而无法从歧视措施中受益。但随着企业技术升级，与在华外企展开直接竞争，这种情况可能发生改变。
Such an intent, the report says, can be seen in a semi-official document called Made in China 2025 Key Area Technology Roadmap, which has been endorsed by Ma Kai, a vice-premier and the official heading the interministerial Leading Small Group for Constructing a Manufacturing Superpower.
报告称，这种意图可以在《<中国制造2025>重点领域技术路线图》这个半官方文件中看到。该路线图得到中国副总理马凯的支持，后者还担任跨部门的“国家制造强国建设领导小组”的组长。
The semi-official document shows aggressive targets for market share in selected industries (see chart below), as well as the range of industries targeted.
这个半官方文件中列出了在一些特定行业（见下表）要取得的市场份额的远大目标，以及目标行业的范围。
Indications of strong state support are reinforced by funding being made available to spur Chinese innovation in smart manufacturing. The Advanced Manufacturing Fund, established this year, was approved by the State Council (cabinet) and is charged with spending its Rmb20bn allocation on upgrading the technology of important industries.
大量资金被用于激励智能制造领域的创新，这进一步显示出国家的大力支持。今年成立的“先进制造产业投资基金”(Advanced Manufacturing Fund)是经中国国务院批准的，肩负着利用200亿元人民币进行重点行业技术升级优化的使命。
Another fund, the National Integrated Circuit Fund, has capital of Rmb139bn at its disposal and the Emerging Industries Investment Fund, which was also approved by the State Council, has Rmb40bn to spend on promising domestic companies.
另一只基金——国家集成电路产业投资基金(National Integrated Circuit Fund)拥有1390亿元人民币的可支配资金，还有同样由国务院批准的新兴产业创业投资引导基金(Emerging Industries Investment Fund)有400亿元人民币用于扶持国内新秀企业。
The Merics report suggests that such assistance, plus the ability of some companies to undertake acquisitions of industry leaders overseas, is likely to catapult some Chinese manufacturing giants into the vanguard of global technology.
墨卡托报告中提出，此类支持，再加上一些公司在海外收购行业领军者的能力，可能将一些中国制造业巨头推向全球科技先锋之列。
Home appliance firms such as Haier, Hisense, Midea and Gree are potential frontrunners, with each of them already engaged in turning their fridges, televisions, air conditioners, washing machines and other gadgets into “smart” products by adding internet connectivity that allows, for instance, consumers to order shopping from their fridge or control their washing machine from a mobile phone.
海尔(Haier)、海信(Hisense)、美的(Midea)和格力(Gree)等家电企业是潜在的领跑者，它们都已经在将冰箱、电视、空调、洗衣机以及其他设备转化为“智能”产品，让它们联上互联网，使消费者可以进行多种操作，比如从冰箱订购商品或者用手机控制洗衣机。
In the construction industry, companies such as Sany and Zoomlion, for example, possess advanced production processes while car component maker, Weichai, owns advanced hydraulic technology, and steelmaker Baosteel has developed several advanced techniques that make for greater precision and efficiency in steel smelting.
在建筑行业，三一重工(Sany)和中联重科(Zoomlion)等公司拥有先进的生产流程，同时汽车零部件制造商潍柴集团(Weichai)拥有先进的液压技术，钢铁制造商宝钢(Baosteel)发展出数项先进技术，有利于提高钢铁冶炼的精度和效率。
The confluence of funding for innovation, official support and access to overseas acquisitions is set to galvanise an already active patent application process among Chinese companies.
鼓励创新的资金、官方支持以及能够前往海外并购等因素，激励了中国企业本就活跃的专利申请。
Although questions persist over the quality of Chinese patent applications filed, the predominance of filings outstanding (see chart) for traditional robots and communications devices such as wireless sensors and smart sensors shows a correlation with state support in these areas, according to the report. In advanced robots, however, Chinese technology remains well behind US and German technology.
尽管对中国申请的专利质量质疑不断，但该报告称，传统机器人以及无线传感器和智能传感器等通信设备的专利申请数量占很大比重与这些领域的政府支持有关。然而，在先进机器人领域，中国技术依然远远落后于美国和德国技术。
The data above was collected for so called “Industry 4.0” products, which is to say products or technologies in the automation and data exchange categories, including the internet of things and cloud computing.
上述数据是为所谓的“工业4.0”产品收集的，这个概念指的是自动化和数据交换类别的产品或技术，包括物联网和云计算。
