禁药引发的奥运冷战 孙杨再陷争议

RIO DE JANEIRO — The president of the International Olympic Committee made a plea for unity at the opening ceremony of the Rio Games last week. But that hope is fraying as a growing number of athletes are openly criticizing competitors who have a history of using performance-enhancing drugs.

里约热内卢——国际奥委会(International Olympic Committee)主席上周曾在里约奥运会开幕式上呼吁所有人团结一致。但随着越来越多的运动员对曾经使用提高成绩药物的对手发起公开批评，他的希望正在破灭。

The friction has been most pronounced at the swimming competition, where Yulia Efimova of Russia and Sun Yang of China, who have served suspensions for doping, have been vilified by rivals. Whether it is vigilantism or anti-doping activism by athletes who do not trust the Olympic committee, the denouncements have overshadowed some of the athletic performances.

这种摩擦在游泳比赛中最为严重，曾被怀疑使用兴奋剂的俄罗斯选手尤利娅•艾芬莫娃(Yulia Efimova)和中国选手孙杨已经遭到了对手的抨击。不管属于自作主张的侠义之举，还是一些对奥委会缺乏信任的运动员发起的反兴奋剂行动，这种抨击都已经让某些运动员的成绩蒙上了一层阴云。

Where once there was polite, if sometimes awkward, silence, there is now direct confrontation. Much of it is along old political fault lines from the Cold War as, coincidentally or not, athletes from the West go after once-barred athletes from Russia and China.

原来那种礼貌的，偶尔会有尴尬的氛围，现在已经被直接的冲突取代。不知是否出于巧合，很多冲突都与源自冷战的旧有政治分歧一脉相承，来自西方的运动员把矛头对准了曾经遭到禁赛的俄罗斯和中国运动员。

“Anti-doping is all about trust: trusting your competitors, trusting the drug testers, trusting the sports admin types,” said Richard Ings, a former anti-doping official from Australia. “What I believe you are witnessing is evaporated trust. Remember, nearly 100 positives have now been found at the Beijing and London Games.”

“信任是反兴奋剂的要义所在：信任参赛者，信任兴奋剂检测者，信任各类体育管理机构，”来自澳大利亚的前反兴奋剂官员理查德•英格斯(Richard Ings)说。“我想你正在见证信任的消失。别忘了，现在有将近100人被发现在北京和伦敦奥运会的尿检呈阳性。

“Sochi was corrupted,” he continued, referring to the 2014 Winter Games. “Russia had state-sponsored doping, and the International Olympic Committee caved in, unlike the International Paralympic Committee.”

“索契那届很腐败，”他在提及2014年的冬奥会时说。“俄罗斯曾经实施得到政府支持的兴奋剂计划，而国际奥委会无所作为，这与国际残疾人奥委会(International Paralympic Committee)很不一样。”

The IOC did not apply a blanket ban on Russian athletes for the Rio Games after the release of a damning report by the World Anti-Doping Agency; the Paralympic committee did bar the Russians from this year’s Paralympics, which begin next month.

在世界反兴奋剂机构(World Anti-Doping Agency)发布了一份能够证明俄罗斯实施兴奋剂计划的报告以后，国际奥委会没有全面禁止俄罗斯运动员参加里约奥运会；国际残委会则全面禁止俄罗斯人参加将于下月揭幕的本届残奥会。

More and more athletes have clearly had enough, turning typically pro forma news conferences into morality plays.

越来越多的运动员显然已经受够了，几乎把原本走过场的新闻发布会变成了一出出道德剧。

On Saturday, Australian freestyler Mack Horton was in the warm-down pool before the competition when Sun, his main rival, vigorously splashed him, as if to get his attention.

周六赛前，澳大利亚自由泳运动员马克•霍顿(Mack Horton)在温水池里时，他的主要竞争对手大力地向他溅起水花，似乎要引起他的注意。

“I ignored him,” Horton, 20, said, “because I don’t have time or respect for drug cheats.”

“我没搭理他，”现年20岁的霍顿说，“因为我没时间搭理，也看不起吃药作弊的人。”

Sun served a three-month suspension in 2014 for taking a banned stimulant.

孙杨在2014年曾因服用一种违禁药品而被禁赛三个月。

That night, Horton out-touched Sun for the gold medal in the 400-meter freestyle. Horton did not acknowledge him in the water and later called it “a win for the good guys,” although he and Sun did shake hands during the medal ceremony.

那天晚上，霍顿战胜孙杨获得了400米自由泳金牌。霍顿在水中没跟孙杨打招呼，后来还说这“是一场为好人赢得的胜利”，不过两人在颁奖仪式上握了握手。

Members of the Chinese swimming team expressed outrage about Horton’s actions, with the team manager Xu Qi calling for an apology. None has been forthcoming.

中国游泳队对霍顿的行为颇为愤慨，领队徐琦要求霍顿道歉，但并未如愿。

“Mack obviously has very strong views about the need for clean sport, as every single one of us does,” said the Australian delegation’s chef de mission, Kitty Chiller. “He has every right to express his views and his displeasure in that sense.”

“关于推广纯净体育的必要性，霍顿显然有鲜明的观点，”澳大利亚奥运代表团团长凯蒂•奇列尔(Kitty Chiller)说。“在这个意义上，他绝对有权表达自己的观点和不满。”

Sun went on to win the gold medal in the 200-meter freestyle Monday night.

周一晚上，孙杨赢得了200米自由泳金牌。

“They don’t belong in a sport,” Camille Lacourt, a star French swimmer, said Monday night in comments reported by French newspaper L'équipe. “They should make up their federation of dopers and have fun among themselves. It disgusts me to see people who’ve cheated standing on podiums. Sun Yang, in the 200 free, he pees purple.”

“他们并不属于体育运动，”据法国《队报》(L'équipe)报道，该国明星游泳运动员卡米尔•拉古(Camille Lacourt)在周一晚上表示。“他们应该成立自己的服药者联合会，自娱自乐。看到作弊的人站在领奖台上，真让我恶心。参加200米自由泳比赛的孙杨，尿是紫色的。”

American swimmer Lilly King, 19, cited Horton as an influence when she spoke out Monday about Efimova.

现年19岁的美国游泳运动选手莉莉•金(Lilly King)周一发表对艾芬莫娃的看法时，承认受了霍顿的影响。

King entered the Rio Games with the top time in the world this year in the women’s 100-meter breaststroke. The next fastest swimmer in the lead-up to the competition was Efimova, a 24-year-old Russian whose place at these Olympics was not confirmed until Saturday.

金带着今年在女子100米蛙泳项目中排名世界第一的成绩参加了里约奥运会。赛前排名世界第二的艾芬莫娃直到周六才获准参加本届奥运会。

Efimova, the reigning world champion, had served a 16-month doping suspension handed down by swimming’s global governing body, known as FINA, a ban that ended in early 2015. Early this year, Efimova failed a test for the newly banned drug meldonium, but the result was overturned when she appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, arguing that she had already served her penalty.

卫冕世界冠军艾芬莫娃曾因服用兴奋剂被管理游泳项目的全球性体育组织国际泳联(FINA)禁赛16个月，禁赛期于2015年初结束。今年初，艾芬莫娃没有通过新近才被列为违禁药物的米屈肼的检测，但她向体育仲裁法庭(Court of Arbitration for Sport)上诉称，她已经受到过处罚，检测结果随后被推翻。

Every time Efimova has raced inside the Olympic Aquatics Stadium, she has been booed. King demonstrated her disapproval in another way. After posting the fastest time in qualifying Sunday afternoon, King wagged her finger to remind everyone who was No. 1.

每当在奥林匹克水上运动体育馆里比赛时，艾芬莫娃迎来的都是一片嘘声。金以另一种方式表达了对艾芬莫娃的不认同。周日下午在预赛中夺得第一后，金伸出一根手指摇了摇，提醒大家谁才是第一名。

As King looked on from the ready room, where swimmers gather before they race, Efimova won the first semifinal and mimicked King’s move. King went out and won the second semifinal and shook her finger again.

金在游泳选手赛前集合的预备室里看着艾芬莫娃赢得了半决赛的第一名，并模仿了金此前的举动。金走出预备室，拿下了第二场半决赛，然后再次摇了摇手指。

In a postrace interview with NBC, King said, “You wave your finger No. 1, and you’ve been caught drug cheating?”

赛后接受NBC采访时，金说，“你摇着手指炫耀自己排名第一，然后你还被逮到用药作弊过？”

She added, “I’m not a fan.”

她还说，“不怎么欣赏她。”

All the finger wagging set the stage for the final Monday night, when their score was settled in the pool. King occupied Lane 4. Efimova was in Lane 5. It was a duel at 100 meters. King turned first at the 50 and hung on to win with a time of 1 minute 4.93 seconds. It was her best time and an Olympic record. Efimova was second in 1:05.50, 0.19 seconds ahead of King’s American teammate Katie Meili.

摇手指大战为周一晚上的决赛做足了铺垫，那天，两人的成绩在泳池中见了分晓。金占据了第四泳道，艾芬莫娃则在第五泳道上。这是一场100米的对决。金在50米处冲到了前头，随后一路领先，以1分04秒93的成绩赢得比赛。这是她个人的最好成绩，创造了新的奥运会纪录。艾芬莫娃以1分05秒50的成绩排名第二，比金的美国队友凯蒂•梅里(Katie Meili)快0.19秒。

After the race, King hung on the lane line that separated her from Efimova and splashed twice in Efimova’s lane. King said she did not do it on purpose. But she also studiously avoided any contact with Efimova.

赛后，金曾紧紧抓住把她和艾芬莫娃隔开的泳道线，并两次在艾芬莫娃的泳道上溅起水花。金说她并非刻意为之。但她曾刻意避免与艾芬莫娃有任何接触。

“I don’t think she really wants to be congratulated by me,” King said.

“我不觉得她真想得到我的祝贺，”金说。

What is striking is that the anti-doping chorus in Rio has consisted of newcomers and veterans alike, with Olympic rookies like Horton, of Australia, and King joining the 31-year-old Lacourt and Michael Phelps, who is also 31 and is the most decorated athlete in Olympic history.

值得注意的是，不论新人还是老将，都加入了里约的反兴奋剂大合唱，金和澳大利亚的霍顿等奥运新秀，与现年31岁的拉古以及同为31岁的奥运史上获奖牌最多运动员迈克尔•菲尔普斯(Michael Phelps)站在了同一阵线上。

“I think what you’re seeing is the desire of Olympic athletes to uphold the values of the Olympic Games without exception,” Adam Nelson, an American shot-putter and activist for athletes’ rights, said in an email Monday.

“我想你已经看到，奥林匹克运动员无一例外地怀有维护奥运价值观的热望，”美国铅球选手、运动员权利倡导人士亚当•纳尔逊(Adam Nelso)周一在一封邮件中表示。

Nelson was named the winner of the 2004 Olympic shot-put competition eight years after it was contested when the original champion, Yuriy Bilonog of Ukraine, retroactively tested positive for a banned substance.

纳尔逊曾在2004年参加奥运会铅球比赛。8年后，由于原来的冠军、乌克兰选手尤里•比洛诺格(Yuriy Bilonog)没能通过针对一种违禁物质的尿样复检，纳尔逊被追认为那场备受争议的比赛的冠军。

“These athletes know, when an athlete cheats, he or she will experience a residual physical benefit for many years,” Nelson added. “But there’s also a residual sentiment that negatively impacts the sport moving forward. The clouds of suspicion that linger over doped athletes who return to competition continue to take a toll on the value of the clean athlete.”

“这些运动员知道，当一个运动员作弊时，他或她在未来许多年里都可以坐享身体上的优势，”纳尔逊补充道。“但不利于体育运动发展的那种情绪也会残留很多年。服用过兴奋剂的运动员重返赛场时，笼罩在他们身上的怀疑的阴云，会继续损害清白运动员的价值。”

There is not yet conclusive evidence on the long-term benefits to performance for athletes who took banned substances earlier in their careers. And as Thomas Bach, the IOC’s president, has repeatedly pointed out, lifetime bans from sports for doping offenses have not proved legally defensible. In the cases of men like Sun and Justin Gatlin, the once-barred American sprinter who has been another target of athletes’ criticism since his return, they are being called out even though the system in place gives them every right to resume competing.

目前尚没有确凿的证据能够表明，运动员如果在早前的运动生涯中使用过违禁物质，从长期来看会让成绩得到多大提高。此外，正如国际奥委会主席托马斯•巴赫(Thomas Bach)反复指出的那样，对使用兴奋剂者处以终身禁赛眼下在法律上还站不住脚。以孙杨和贾斯汀•加特林(Justin Gatlin)为例——后者是美国短跑选手，也曾被禁赛，自回归以来便被运动员们当成又一个批评的靶子——他们一直受到批评，尽管在现行体制下他们绝对有重回赛场的权利。

Still, Nelson defended the right of athletes to criticize once-barred competitors.

不过，尼尔森表示，运动员们有权批评曾被禁赛的参赛者。

“It’s not undermining the system,” he said. “It highlights a major flaw in the system. Ms. King could have lost out on an Olympic gold medal future had the events turned out differently yesterday, and she would have had to accept the fact that a known doper beat her. Where’s the spirit of Olympism in that outcome?”

“它不会损害体制的根基，”他说。“它会突显体制的重大瑕疵。如果昨天的比赛不是那个结果，金可能已经失去了夺得奥运冠军的机会，并且不得不接受被一个众所周知的兴奋剂服用者击败的事实。那样一来，哪里还有奥林匹克精神可言呢？”