云南铅锌矿场周边土壤重金属污染严重

Soil samples collected by Greenpeace East Asia researchers near Asia’s largest zinc and lead mine and smelting plant, in Yunnan Province, show severe heavy metal contamination, the organization says. The findings, it has reported, highlight the environmental and health hazards as industries react to tighter pollution constraints in eastern China by expanding operations in less developed areas in the west.

绿色和平东亚分部(Greenpeace East Asia)研究人员前往云南省境内的亚洲最大铅锌矿和冶炼厂附近进行了土壤样本采集，据样本显示，土壤的重金属污染十分严重。据该组织的报告显示，面对中国东部地区日益严格的污染限制，工业企业在向西部欠发达地区扩张，造成了当地环境和健康危害。

In April, the researchers took samples of soil, household dust and river water in the town of Jinding, near the border with Myanmar, and sent them to an independent laboratory for testing. The results, released this week, show cadmium concentrations of up to 142 times the national health standard, and lead at eight times the standard, suggesting that the soil is not safe for growing food.

4月，研究者在靠近中缅边境的金顶镇对土壤、家居降尘和河水进行采样，并将样本送往独立实验室进行检验。本周发布的检验结果显示，镉含量是国家健康标准的142倍，而铅的含量则是国家健康标准的8倍，这表明土壤对于粮食种植来说并不安全。

“Soil pollution is less visible than water and air pollution, so the public is often unaware of the problem,” Ada Kong, a senior campaigner for Greenpeace East Asia, said in an interview. “With little public attention, the government lacks incentives to share information on the soil situation in China.”

“土壤污染没有水污染和空气污染那么明显，所以大众通常都意识不到土壤污染这个问题，”绿色和平东亚分部的资深活动人士江卓珊(Ada Kong)在采访中表示。“公众关注度低，政府在国内土壤情况信息共享方面缺乏激励机制。”

In April 2014, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Ministry of Land Resources released a report based on a national soil survey, which found that 16.1 percent of China’s soil, and 19.4 percent of its farmland, was polluted, mostly as a result of industrial and agricultural activities. The most common pollutants were cadmium, nickel and arsenic.

2014年4月，中国环境保护部和国土资源部在一份国家土壤调查的基础上发布了一份报告，其中显示中国16.1%的土壤和19.4%的农田受到了污染，工业和农业活动则是主要的污染源。其中，镉，镍和砷是最常见的污染物。

But Ms. Kong said that report lacked specific geographic information. “No names of the provinces or locations where they took samples were disclosed,” she said. “Some other organizations have requested more information about the study but have been turned down.”

但是江卓珊说，该报告缺乏具体的地理信息。“报告没有公布土壤采样来自哪些省份或地区，”她说。“有的组织希望获取该研究的更多信息，被拒绝了。”

The Greenpeace team also looked at household dust, which has received less scrutiny than soil. “China does not even have a national health standard or health regulations for pollutants in household dust,” Ms. Kong said.

绿色和平研究团队还关注了家居降尘，针对这项指标的观测比土壤更少。“中国甚至没有制定家居降尘的国家健康标准，或关于粉尘污染物的法规，”江卓珊说。

“The lowest level of lead concentration we found was 1,576 micrograms per square meter” of floor space, she said. This is more than six times the level cited in a study published in Public Health Reports, a journal of the United States Public Health Service, at which children were eight times more likely than their peers to have a blood lead level of 10 micrograms per deciliter. The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention used to refer to that as a “level of concern,” but it now says there is no safe blood level in ls of heavy metal in samples correlated with proximity to the smelting plant. “Lead, zinc and cadmium concentrations increased by 5 percent for every kilometer closer to the plant,” Ms. Kong said.

她说按住宅占地面计算，“我们发现的铅浓度水平最低的是每平方米1576微克，”她说。这是美国公共卫生局(Public Health Service)刊物《公共卫生报告》(Public Health Reports)的一篇研究中提到的浓度水平的六倍以上，而在那项研究中的浓度水平下生活的儿童，血铅含量达到每100毫升10微克的可能性是其他儿童的八倍。美国疾病控制和预防中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)曾经称那是“令人担忧的水平”，但现在他们认为并不存在儿童安全血浓度指标。样本中的重金属水平和冶炼厂的距离是相关的。“距工厂距离每拉近一公里，铅、锌、镉浓度会增加5%，”江卓珊说。

Household dust is a major vehicle for lead being absorbed by the human body, said Chen Nengchang, a scientist at the Guangdong Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences.

广东省生态环境与土壤研究所的科学家陈能场说，家居降尘是人体吸收铅的重要途径。

“In children, it can impair learning ability and lead to behavior problems,” Mr. Chen said in an interview. “Lead in blood can be dispersed rather quickly, but some of the lead can accumulate in brain tissues and bones, where it can remain for a very long time.”

“它会给儿童的认知能力造成损害，导致行为异常，”陈能场在采访中说。“铅在血液中可以很快分解，但有些铅会在大脑组织和骨骼中沉积，那样就会留存相当长一段时间。”

The lead and zinc mine and smelting plant, which began operations in 2003, are owned by Yunnan Jinding Zinc. The Greenpeace report is not the first time that the company has been accused of polluting surrounding areas.

云南金鼎锌业公司所有的这些铅锌矿和冶炼厂是2003年投产的。绿色和平的此次调研已经不是该公司第一次面临污染周边环境的指责。

Records compiled by the Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs, a nonprofit organization based in Beijing that monitors corporate environmental performance, show that the Nujiang Prefecture Environmental Department and the Yunnan Environmental Protection Bureau cited the company as in violation of environmental regulations in 2009, 2011 and 2014.

监督企业环保状况的北京非盈利机构公共环境研究中心整理的资料显示，怒江州环境保护局和云南省环境保护厅分别在2009、2011和2014年指出该公司存在环保违规。

One document shows that in 2009, the company was fined 600,000 renminbi, nearly $100,000 at the current exchange rate, for disposing of wastewater containing cadmium levels 887 times the national health standard into the nearby Bijiang River.

其中一份文件显示，2009年该公司因向附近的沘江排放镉浓度超标887倍的废水，被罚款60万元人民币。

Local residents appear well aware of the health risks.

当地居民似乎很清楚自己面临的健康风险。

“You can see layers of black dust on your furniture all the time,” said Li Zhouping, 24, who lives with his family in Maigandian, a village about 100 meters, or around 330 feet, from the smelting plant.

“家具上什么时候都是一层黑灰，”24岁的李周平（音）说，他家所在的麦秆甸村距离冶炼厂大约100米。

Greenpeace says that in 2010, the Lanping County health bureau conducted blood tests of children in Maigandian and found that 59 of 61 children had high levels of lead.

绿色和平称，2010年兰坪县卫生局对麦秆甸村儿童进行血液化验，结果61名儿童中有59人血铅浓度偏高。

Mr. Li said that to protect his 3-month-old child’s health, he has been urging Yunnan Jinding Zinc to help the family move to a safer area.

李周平说为了3个月大的孩子的健康，他曾要求金鼎锌业帮助他把一家人搬到安全的地方。

“They promised us a relocation in 2006, but no action has been taken,” he said in an interview.

“他们在2006年答应搬迁，但没有实际行动，”他在接受采访时说。

Last year, he said, he and other villagers went to the company’s offices to press their case.

他说去年他和其他村民一起去公司办公室施加压力。

“We went there around six or seven times,” he said. “They just told us they would hurry up, but nothing has been done.”

“我们去了六七次，”他说。“他们就只知道说我们会抓紧，但什么也没做。”

At a news conference in Beijing on Tuesday, at which the Greenpeace report was released, Ms. Kong said: “In 2013, the Lanping County government announced again a relocation plan and told villagers they would be relocated by the end of 2016. The villagers say, however, that they have yet to receive any more information on this.”

绿色和平于周二在北京举行新闻发布会公布了研究报告，江卓珊在发布会上说：“兰坪县政府在2013年再次宣布了搬迁计划，并对村民说在2016年底之前可以完成搬迁。然而村民们说除此之外他们再也没收到关于此事的其他消息。”

An official in the public information department of the Yunnan Environmental Protection Bureau reached by telephone declined to comment on the report’s findings or on allegations of environmental violations by Yunnan Jinding Zinc. A woman who answered the phone at the company said none of its executives were available to comment.

记者通过电话联系到的一位云南环保厅信息公开部门官员，他拒绝就该报告的发现以及金鼎锌业的环保违规行为置评。金鼎锌业公司一位接听电话的女性表示，公司领导层没有人能就此事置评。