中英双语话历史 第48期:北方少数民族
Ever since the Eastern Han Dynasty, ethnic minorities in northWestern and northern areas kept migrating inland, which complicated the relations among different nationalities in the north of China.
These minorities were en-couraged or forced to immigrate into the inner land for sake of effective management and the needs for working hands since the labors were scare then.
魏晋时期,汉族统治者为了加强对各少数民族的控制和补充内地劳动人手的不足，经常招引和强制他们人居内地。With years of staying and under the influence of Han nationality, these nomadic people led a more settled life, which bound them on the farm lands.
各少数民族人民内迁后，在汉族的长期影响下，逐步由游牧生活向定居的农业生活过渡。
At that time, the population of the various minorities accounted for about half that of the total one millions, taking for example, the Guanzhong area in the Jin Dynasty. Among them are the most prominent five ： Xiongnu, Jie, Di, Qiang and Xianbei, which referred as “Wu Hu”（the five major minorities) in history.
当时，在内地不少地方，少数民族人数相当多，关中户口百万,其中少数民族占了一半左右，而且种族很多，主要有匈奴、羯、氐、羌以及鲜卑五族，史称为“五胡”。The land system of the Western Jin stipulated the taxes paid, in addition, the minorities were often forced to be slaves and tenants of Han landlords and royal clans.
西晋占田制明确规定了他们的负税。汉族的官僚、地主多以少数民族人为奴婢、佃客。Consequently, they were not only brought under control but also were oppressed and exploited by the Chinese government and its citizens, which triggered the heart-felt hatred towards the governing class and forged consistent uprising of these minorities.
残酷的民族压迫，使各少数民族对西晋统治者“怨恨之气，毒于骨髓”，因而反抗不断发生。In the later Western Jin Dynasty, there broken out the rebels led by Qi Wannian, Li Te, Zhang Chang, etc, among which the most threatening one was in 301, Li Xiong, son of Li Te ,captured Chengdu, declared himself King of Chengdu and formed the “Cheng Han” regime in Sichuan.)
西晋后期，先后爆发了齐万年、李特、张昌等领导的大规模起义，其中李特之子李雄于公元301年占领成都，自封成都王，还在四川建立了“成汉”政权。
