托福听力中的语法知识

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，本站为大家带来托福听力中的语法知识，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。

托福听力中的语法知识

一、“听”语法

托福听力虽然不是直接考语法，但是听力中处处都隐藏对托福的语法考查。虽然听力中的语法比托福阅读中的语法要简单的多，但是阅读中的语法是可以看可以读的，而托福听力中的语法是需要我们听出来的。听比读要难的多，听力中有吞音，连读，一个单词的失误就可以影响一句话的意思。所以总的来说托福听力中的语法是比较难的。

二、文章中语法的考察点

在托福听力中，常出现的语法点主要包括一般疑问句、but引导的句子、定语从句、状语从句、表语从句，虚拟语气。这些句型都是托福听力中的常考点，在平时的备考中不仅会分析这些句型还要听出这些句型。在教授与学生的互动中，这些语法都是常见点。

三、选项中语法的考察点

托福听力考试的顺序是先听音频然后听题目看题目解题，所以在题目中疑问句的考法很是频繁。在选项中会出现定语从句，表语从句，条件状语从句，以及虚拟语气，这些语法无处不在。如果练题目都读不懂题目就不要说能够做对题了。

语法是框架，只有了解语法才能更好的听懂。语法促进听力的提升同时听力又加强了语法的练习，所以托福听力与语法相辅相成，相互依赖。所以，托福听力中不是不考语法，而是不直接的考语法，而是间接的考到了所有的基本语法，所以语法对大家的听力是否能取得高分有很重要的影响。

托福听力背景知识：怀孕与体重

Mother's Pregnancy Weight Linked to Child's Obesity

More than 26 percent of American adults were obese as of 2009—compared with less than 20 percent in 2000, according to a new report from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. And the number of U.S. states with more than 30 percent of their population topping a body mass index (BMI) of 30 tripled between 2007 and 2009. With this accelerating epidemic, researchers are looking for clues beyond daily diet and exercise to explain our propensity for extra poundage—and many are finding evidence in the very first stages of life.

A growing number of analyses have found a convincing link among a heavier mother-to-be, increases in her baby's birth weight, and the child's later risk of obesity. In many past observational studies, however, basic genetics or environmental factors could be blamed for this association.

A new study of 513,501 mothers and 1,164,750 of their children born across 15 years aimed to take genetics out of the equation by assessing maternal and infant weight only for those women who had more than one child. "By making comparisons of two or more infants born to the same mother, we were able to factor out the role of genetics," says David Ludwig, an associate professor of pediatrics, director of the Obesity Program at Children's Hospital Boston and co-author of the new study.

Women who gained more than 24 kilograms during a pregnancy (which occurred in about 12 percent of pregnancies) added an average of 147.4 additional grams to their baby's birth weight than those who gained about 7.5 to 10 kilograms. In other terms, pregnant women who gained 22.5 kilograms had double the risk of having an infant with a high birth weight compared with those who only gained about nine kilograms. And every kilogram gained during pregnancy increased a baby's weight by about 9.5 grams, according to the analysis, which published online August 4 in The Lancet.

Being heavier at birth increases the odds that an individual will be overweight or obese as a child—as well as an adult. And the excess weight has been linked to a range of chronic conditions, including asthma, diabetes and metabolic syndrome (a group of metabolic risk factors).

Although previous studies had correlated high BMI moms with heavier babies, "the direct effects of excessive weight gain on the fetus have never been conclusively demonstrated," notes Ludwig, who worked on the study with collaborator Janet Currie, a professor of economics at Columbia University.

The importance of grams

The ill effects of undernourishment on fetal development have been well documented. A pregnant woman who does not get ample calories for her and her fetus increases the risk the baby will have stunted physical growth, poor cognitive development, and be more susceptible to diseases. The health risks of too many calories, however, are just beginning to come to light.

To be sure, a heavier fetus will tilt the pregnant mother's scale slightly, and the amount of weight typically put on my moms gaining too much during pregnancy far exceeds the additional ounces their babies typically take on.

Nevertheless, although 0.2 kilogram of additional baby fat might not sound like much, in the context of a three- to 3.5-kilogram infant, every 0.03 kilogram changes the odds ratio, according to Ludwig.

Other research indicates that infant birth weight is also heavily determined by a woman's weight even before she becomes pregnant. A study published in June in the European Journal of Pediatrics reported that being overweight or obese before getting pregnant meant that a mother's future child was 1.4 times more likely to be overweight or obese by age four. "It means preconception health screening and intervention for overweight and obese [women] is extremely important," says Panagiota Kitsantas, an assistant professor of biostatistics and epidemiology at George Mason University's Department of Health Administration and Policy and lead author of the June paper.

Although her investigation did not specifically look at women with more than one child and thus could have been colored by other genetic and environmental factors, Kitsantas says that the results from her work and The Lancet report are complementary. "Both studies pointed to one direction: mothers' body weight affected their offspring's weight."

Underlying changes

Extra birth weight might not be the only change many of these infants face. Excessive maternal weight during pregnancy is also likely changing the metabolic and hormonal environment of the developing fetus, Ludwig says.

Even if an infant has a few extra ounces due to a mother's excessive gestational weight gain, "the infant developed in a metabolically abnormal intrauterine environment," Ludwig explains.

Excessive caloric intake by a pregnant woman can stimulate the overgrowth of fetal tissues, change hormonal balances, alter metabolic pathways, "and perhaps even structures in the brain that regulate appetite and metabolism," he says. And those changes might stay with an individual for life.

Many adults have a difficult time losing weight and keeping it off, and if the body is predisposed to putting on the pounds, fighting obesity on both individual and societal levels will be even more challenging.

Researchers are still working to understand just how some of these pathways and hormones can influence disease risk, primarily through animal studies in the lab. And until more chemical links are found, a direct cause-and-effect relationship cannot be established, Kitsantas notes.

She applauds the new work, noting that Ludwig and colleagues used apt statistical models to try to avoid confounding effects and excluded subjects with other risk factors such as gestational diabetes or extremely high birth weight. Kitsantas is not entirely convinced, however, that genetics can be erased from the picture, and asserts that more lab work remains to be done to parse out nature, nurture and nutrition.

Prepregnancy health

Not every baby born on the heavy side will battle obesity or related chronic diseases. But, Ludwig points out, "on a population basis, [increased birth weight] is shifting risk upward."

The amount of weight pregnant women are putting on has been growing—as has their prepregnancy weight in the past few decades, Ludwig notes. Alongside that trend are signs that average birth weight is also headed upward.

"If we don't stop the vicious cycle at some point, we'll just keep going and going," Kitsantas says. If female babies are born more prone to obesity, the likelihood of their gaining too much weight before or during pregnancy increases, thus putting their offspring at greater risk.

Even though the specific mechanisms at work remain poorly understood and there is still not enough evidence to draw a cause-and-effect conclusion between maternal weight and a child's risk for obesity, Kitsantas says that is not reason enough to delay action. "We really have to jump in based on the findings we have to create specific interventions to fix the problem."

Ludwig acknowledges that the challenge of getting Americans to stay fit is great but says that changing the habits of mothers-to-be might be a little easier. "Women tend to be especially motivated during pregnancy because it's not just their health [that is] at stake—it's their children's," he notes. "Almost every mother instinctively wants to give their children a healthy start in life."

And, along with physical activity, food quality is just as important as quantity, he says. "The higher quality of diet consumed, the easier it is to maintain a health body weight," says Ludwig, who has been working on a new study comparing the effects of two different diets on maternal and infant health. "The best time to begin obesity prevention efforts for the next generation is actually prior to birth," he says.

Kitsantas extends that recommendation, suggesting that all women of childbearing age establish healthy lifestyle habits and healthy weights: "The sooner the better,"

托福听力背景知识：单亲妈妈捐肾救老板

The mother of two from Long Island, New York, who was fired after she donated her kidney to save her boss’ life demanded that the woman return the organ yesterday.

美国纽约长岛的一位单亲妈妈在慷慨地将自己的一个肾脏捐给老板后，却因术后体质差惨遭解雇。如今这位女士奋起反抗要求老板将自己的器官归还。

“You hate me so much, and I’m so despicable — give me my kidney back!” wailed Debbie Stevens, 47. Her employer at Atlantic Automotive Group, Jackie Brucia, 61, thanked Stevens for the gift yesterday — and then “wished her the best.”

当事人是47岁的黛比·史蒂文斯，她悲痛地说：“既然你这么讨厌我，觉得我这么卑鄙可耻，那就把我的肾还给我!” 她的上司是大西洋汽车集团的经销商，现年61岁的杰姬·布鲁西亚。布鲁西亚在昨天感谢了她慷慨付出，然后说“ 祝她一切都好”。

“I will always be grateful that she gave me a kidney,” Brucia told 1010 WINS-AM radio. “I have nothing bad to say about her. I will always be grateful to her — she did a wonderful thing for me.”

“我非常感谢她给了我一颗肾，”布鲁西亚对1010wins广播之声的记者表示。“我从来没说过她的坏话，我一直很感谢她。她对我做了件很伟大的事情”。

For Stevens to get her organ back wouldn’t be easy — and would involve at least four surgeries. Stevens donated her kidney to the national pool because she and Brucia weren’t a perfect match. That gave Brucia a better shot at getting a speedy transplant. Stevens’ kidney actually was transplanted into a patient in St. Louis, and Brucia’s came from San Francisco.

史蒂文斯想要拿回她的器官可没那么容易，至少需要进行四次手术。尽管史蒂文斯的肾和布鲁西亚不是最佳匹配，但史蒂文斯还是将她的肾捐入了全国性的捐赠库，这样布鲁西亚可以在器官捐赠名单上排位靠前。史蒂文斯的肾脏其实移植给了远在圣路易斯州的陌生人，而布鲁西亚的肾源则来自旧金山。

The scorned Stevens also insisted yesterday that the only reason Brucia rehired her in the first place is because she was a “Plan B” — in case another organ donor fell through, she said. “She used her power to manipulate me,” Stevens claimed.

史蒂文斯还坚持声称布鲁西亚起初之所以会雇佣她，只是将她当备胎，万一没有等到合适的合适捐赠，就可以考虑史蒂文斯。“她滥用职权操控我”，这位单亲妈妈这样控诉道。

The Post yesterday revealed that, according to a state Human Rights Commission complaint that Stevens filed on Friday, Brucia began to harass her shortly after she donated her left kidney in the fall of 2010 — and eventually helped fire her in April 2011.

史蒂文斯上周五纽约州人权委员会提交了一份正式的控诉书。根据《纽约邮报》昨日的报道，在控诉书中史蒂文斯表示在2010年秋天捐掉左肾后不久，布鲁西亚对她的态度就很恶劣，然后在2011年4月最后将其解雇。

The two previously worked together at the dealership and forged a friendship in 2009. Stevens returned from Florida in 2010 and Brucia rehired , Stevens says her health-insurance coverage will soon run out — leaving her unable to pay future medical and psychiatric bills related to the transplant. “I don’t know what I’m going to do,” she said.

史蒂文斯和布鲁西亚以前曾在代理商处供职，在2009年发展出一段友谊。2010年，她从佛罗里达搬回长岛，布鲁西亚又重新雇佣了她。而现在，史蒂文斯表示她的医疗保险保障马上就要用光了，她付不起肾脏移植手术带来的医院和神经科账单。“我根本不知道该怎么办”，她这样说道。

“I can’t afford it; it’s a lot of money. I may have a hard time getting insurance because I donated a kidney. I thought I would be at that job until I retired.” The car dealership called Stevens’ claims “groundless.”

“我付不起，那笔钱太多了。我捐掉了一颗肾，想得到保险可能比较难，我原以为我会在这份工作上做到退休的。” 大西洋汽车集团的经销商表示史蒂文斯的指控“毫无根据”。