中英双语话历史 第78期:元朝(文化)
The intermingling of different religions and the position of Lamaism ： Like the Tang Dynasty, when many religions came to China from the West and from the inland of Asia, Yuan China as open to the merchants coming from the West, who had different religious beliefs.
Muslims were special allies of the Mongols and had therefore access to many positions prohibited from Chinese.
穆斯林是蒙古人的特别盟友，因此其中的很多职位对于汉人来说受到限制。A special place in the Mongol empire was reserved for Lamaism. Lamaism enjoyed state protection.
喇嘛教在蒙古帝国有其特殊地位，享有蒙古人的国家保护。
As Buddhism in China had already reached and even surpassed the summit, the history of Chinese Buddhism was ready to be written down, like in the book F〇zu Lidai Tongshi.
佛教在中国已经达到甚至已过了高峰期，因此，当时中国的佛教史已经可以著书立传了，即《佛祖历代通史》。Religion was also a tool for the masses to rebell against the harsh Mongol rule, the exploitation by the exclusive class of Mongols and the rich Chinese gentry.
但是，宗教也是群众反对蒙古人残暴统治、反对蒙古阶级的剥削和汉人贵族的工具。The secret societies rebelling against Mongol rule with the protection of religions were the White Lotus Society (Bailianjiao), the White Cloud Society (Baiyun-jiao) and the Red Turbans (Hongjin).
在反对蒙古人统治的历史上，曾经利用宗教做掩护的组织有白莲教、白云教和红巾军。Yuan songs and main writers： Yuan songs are as important as Tang poetry and Song ci, which represents the important achievement in the literature in Yuan Dynasty.
元曲及其代表作家:元曲与唐诗、宋词并称，它代表了元代文学的主要成就。Yuan songs include Sanqu was and Zaju. Sanqu was the new style verses in the Yuan Dynasty, and zaju(Yuan dramas) was a kind of comprehensive drama.
元曲包含散曲和杂剧两个部分，散曲是元代的新体诗,杂剧是一种综合性的戏剧艺术。The famous writers and their masterpieces in the Yuan Dynasty are： Guan Hanqing and his u Dou E Yuan 11, Wang Shipu and his u Xixiang Ji, Ma Zhiyuan and his Han Qiugong and Bai Pu and his M Wutong Yu yy and so on.
元代著名的杂剧作家及其作品有:关汉卿的《窦娥冤》，王实甫的《西厢记》，马致远的《汉宫秋》，白朴的《梧桐雨》等。Of all the writers, Guan Hanqing had the greatest influence. He had written more than 60 plays, and more than ten of them have been handed down so far.
其中关汉卿的影响最大，他写过60多个剧本，流传到现在的尚有10多个。In 1958, Guan Hanqing was listed as the world literary celebrity.
1958年，关汉卿被列为世界文化名人。The science of history and Wen Xian Tong Kaoby Ma Duanlin ： The science of history in the Yuan Dynasty has made achievements in many ways.
史学及马端临的《文献通考》:元朝的史学成就是多力面的。The representatives of the historical works are the privately compiled w Wen Xian Tong Kao ty and the official revision of u The History of Song 11 , u The History of Liao and The History of Jin ry and so on.
较有代表性的史学著作有私家编撰的《文献通考》等和官修的《宋史》、《辽史》、和《金史》等。Wen Xian Tong Kao was compiled by the historian Ma Duanlin in the early years of the Yuan Dynasty. It covers more than twenty-four fields such as tax, monetary, registered permanent residence and the positions etc. The book has three hundred and forty-eight volumes.
《文献通考》是宋末元初史学家马端临编撰,分田赋、钱币、户口、职役等24门类，共348卷。Scientific achievements and uThe Official Calendar^ by Guo Shoujing： It had its development in science and technology in the Yuan Dynasty.
科学成就与郭守敬的《授时历》：元朝科学技术也有所发展。Great achievements were made in mathematics, astronomy, calendar, geography, agriculture and medicine etc.
在数学、天文历5法、地理学、农业科学、医药学等方面都有许多成就。A Book of Agriculture ty by Wang Zhen in the Yuan Dynasty is the most perfect encyclopedia about agriculture since the u Qi Min Yao Shu ty.
元朝王祯的《农书》，是《齐民要术》以来最完备的农业知识百科全书。The scientist Guo Shoujing in the Yuan Dynasty was good at astronomy, calendar, mathematics and water conservancy, who stressed on the on-spot observation.
元朝科学家郭守敬,精于天文历法、数学和水利，并重视实地观侧。He had made thirteen kinds of astronomic equipments and observed, measured the celestial phenomena.
他制作了13种天文仪器，并对天象进行实侧。On the basis of his observation and research, Guo Shoujing made the u Imperial Calendar.
郭守敬根据观侧和研究,制定了《授时历》。The Imperial Calendar 11 took 365. 2425 days as a year and which only missed 26 seconds compared with the real time needed that the sun goes around the earth once. It is same to the Geliego Calendar in use today, but it was three hundred years earlier than the Geliego Calendar.
《授时历》以365. 2425天为一岁，和地球绕太阳一周的实际时间只差26秒，与和现行的公历（《格列高利历》）一年周期相同，但比现行公历的确立早300年。The communication of the Eastern and Western cultures： In the era of Song and Yuan, esp. in the Yuan Dynasty, the culture between China and the west got obvious development.
元朝东西文化的交流:宋元时期，特别在元代，中国和西方的文化交流有了显著发展。The four great inventions of China (printing, compass, gunpowder and papermaking) were introduced to Europe by the Arabians and they played an important part in the development of economy and science in Europe.
中国的四大发明（印刷术,指南针、火药和造纸术)先后经过阿拉伯人传人欧洲，对欧州的经济文化发展起了重要作用。The three west expeditions of the Mongols promoted the communication between China and Europe.
蒙古贵族三次西征，客观上促进了中国同欧洲的联系。The ambassadors, merchants, travelers and priests from the west came to China continuously. The most famous one of them was Marco. Poro.
西方各国的使臣、商人、旅行家、传教士络绎不绝来到中国，其中最著名的是意大利威尼斯人马可?波罗。He came to China in 1271 and had stayed in China for seventeen years. He had been an official in the Yuan government and had traveled to many big cities in China then.
马可?波罗于1271年来到中国，留居中国17年，曾在元朝做官，游历过中国许多大城市。He described vividly about China then in his u Journey of Marco. Poroy,, which stimulated the Westerners9 desire for the Chinese civilizations.
他在《马可?波罗行记》中对当时的中国作了生动具休的描写，激起了西方人对中国文明的向往。
