《美食祈祷和恋爱》Chapter 76 (170):巴厘岛文化

Bali is a tiny Hindu island located in the middle of the two-thousand-mile-long Indonesian archipelago that constitutes the most populous Muslim nation on earth. Bali is therefore a strange and wondrous thing; it should not even exist, yet does. The island's Hinduism was an export from India by way of Java. Indian traders brought the religion east during the fourth century AD. The Javanese kings founded a mighty Hindu dynasty, little of which remains today except the impressive temple ruins at Borobudur. In the sixteenth century, a violent Islamic uprising swept across the region and the Shiva-worshipping Hindu royalty escaped Java, fleeing to Bali in droves during what would be remembered as the Majapahit Exodus. The high-class, high-caste Javanese brought with them to Bali only their royal families, their craftsmen and their priests—and so it is not a wild exaggeration when people say that everyone in Bali is the descendent of either a king, a priest or an artist, and that this is why the Balinese have such pride and brilliance.

巴厘岛人笃信印度教，位于长达一千公里、有全球最多穆斯林人口的印尼群岛的中央。因此巴厘岛是个奇罕的地方；它甚至不该存在，却果真存在。巴厘岛的印度教从印度经由爪哇传入。印度商人在纪元四世纪间，将其宗教带往东方。爪哇诸王创立强大的印度教王朝，如今所剩无几，除了壮观的婆罗浮屠（Borobudur）寺庙废墟之外。16世纪，一场伊斯兰暴动席卷该区，崇拜湿婆的印度教王族成员逃离爪哇，成群结队避往巴厘岛，后世将这段期间称为麻喏巴歇大迁徙（MajapahitExodus）。上层阶级的爪哇人只带了自己的皇室家族、工匠与祭司来到巴厘岛——因此，据说每个巴厘人都是国王、祭司，或艺术家的后裔，并不夸大。巴厘人的骄傲与才华正源于此。

The Javanese colonists brought their Hindu caste system with them to Bali, though caste divisions were never as brutally enforced here as they once were in India. Still, the Balinese recognize a complex social hierarchy (there are five divisions of Brahmans alone) and I would have better luck personally decoding the human genome than trying to understand the intricate, interlocking clan system that still thrives here. (The writer Fred B. Eiseman's many fine essays on Balinese culture go much further into expert detail explaining these subtleties, and it is from his research that I take most of my general information, not only here but throughout this book.) Suffice it to say for our purposes that everyone in Bali is in a clan, that everyone knows which clan he is in, and that everyone knows which clan everyone else is in. And if you get kicked out of your clan for some grave disobedience, you really might as well jump into a volcano, because, honestly, you're as good as dead.

爪哇殖民者将自己的印度教种姓制度带来巴厘岛，尽管社会地位的分界线不像过去的印度那般严格施行。然而，巴厘人认定了一套复杂的社会等级制度（光是婆罗门即分五种）。想了解这套依然盛行此地的错综复杂、环环相扣的宗族制度，简直比破解人类基因还难。（作家艾斯曼［FredB. Eiseman］写过许多关于巴厘岛文化的好文章，进一步详细说明了这些微妙之处；我从他的研究中取得大部分资讯，不仅引用于此处，本书各篇章皆有受惠。）一言以蔽之，每个巴厘岛人都属于某一族群，人人清楚自己属于哪个族群。倘若因严重犯规被族群踢出去，你还不如去跳火山算了，因为老实说，如此一来，你无异于死去。

Balinese culture is one of the most methodical systems of social and religious organization on earth, a magnificent beehive of tasks and roles and ceremonies. The Balinese are lodged, completely held, within an elaborate lattice of customs. A combination of several factors cre-ated this network, but basically we can say that Bali is what happens when the lavish rituals of traditional Hinduism are superimposed over a vast rice-growing agricultural society that operates, by necessity, with elaborate communal cooperation. Rice terraces require an unbelievable amount of shared labor, maintenance and engineering in order to prosper, so each Balinese village has a banjar—a united organization of citizens who administer, through consensus, the village's political and economic and religious and agricultural decisions. In Bali, the collective is absolutely more important than the individual, or nobody eats.

巴厘文化是世上最有条理的社会与宗教组织系统之一，具有井井有条的任务、角色和仪式。巴厘人镶嵌在一套精密的习俗中。此一网路的产生，结合多种因素，但基本上可以这么说，巴厘岛的出现，是传统印度教的丰富仪式叠置于辽阔的水稻农业社会之上的结果，这个社会有必要依赖精细的社群合作来运作。稻米梯田需要大量的共同劳动、维护和工程始可成功。因此每个巴厘岛村落都有个"里"（banjar）——由人民联合组织而成的机构，通过共识制定村里的政治、经济、宗教、农业等方面的决策。在巴厘岛，团体的重要性绝对超越个人，否则谁也没饭吃。