TPP拟打击中国网络盗窃行为 Trade deal takes aim at Chinese hacking

Pacific Rim countries will be required to criminalise hacking attacks on companies under a regional trade pact that shows Washington’s determination to clamp down on Chinese cyber theft and ban new forms of digital protectionism.

按照一项区域贸易协定，太平洋周边国家将被要求以刑事罪论处针对企业的黑客攻击，这突显了华盛顿方面打击中国网络盗窃行为和禁止新形式的数字保护主义的决心。

The US, Japan and 10 other economies last month concluded five years of negotiations on the Trans-Pacific Partnership, covering roughly 40 per cent of the global economy. Although the pact does not include China, US officials from President Barack Obama down are selling the TPP as a crucial component in Washington’s efforts to write the rules of the global economy before Beijing can.

美国、日本以及另外10个经济体上月完成了历时五年的《跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》(Trans-Pacific Partnership，简称TPP)的谈判，协定涵盖全球经济的大约40%。虽然该协定并不包括中国，但美国各级官员——从巴拉克攠巴马(Barack Obama)总统起——都把TPP说成是华盛顿方面力求抢在中国之前确立全球经济规则的努力的关键部分。

The deal will reduce trade barriers on everything from beef and dairy products to textiles, with new standards for environmental protection, investment disputes and the behaviour of state-owned enterprises.

该协定将降低多种产品（从牛肉和奶制品，到纺织品）的贸易壁垒，并为环境保护、投资纠纷和国有企业的行为设立新标准。

The TPP agreement — details of which will be released as soon as today — will also include new rules governing the free flow of data, privacy and cyber security, showing how the US intends to use a trade deal to set benchmarks that it hopes will become global standards.

TPP协定的细节最快可能在今日公布，该协定还将包括规范数据自由流动、隐私和网络安全的新规则，显示美国有意借助一项贸易协定确立基准，希望这些基准未来成为全球标准。

The growing number of cyber attacks on US companies blamed on Chinese hackers looking to steal commercial secrets has become a big point of friction between the world’s two biggest economies. Washington has threatened to level financial sanctions against Chinese companies linked to such attacks.

美国企业受到越来越多的网络攻击，而这些攻击大部分被归咎于寻机窃取商业秘密的中国黑客，这件事已成为全球两大经济体之间的一大摩擦点。华盛顿方面已经威胁要对与此类攻击有关联的中国企业实施金融制裁。

In an interview with the Financial Times, Mike Froman, the US trade tsar, said the TPP’s new digital rules were not only aimed at China, which is years away from joining the pact.

美国贸易代表迈克弗罗曼(Mike Froman)在接受英国《金融时报》记者采访时表示，TPP新的数字规则不仅针对中国。中国如果要加入这项协定还将是很多年以后的事情。

“The area of localisation [laws for data], forced technology transfer [and] forced [intellectual property] transfer is an issue that has been a central concern in our relationship with China,” he said. “But it is not limited to China. We’ve always said that TPP is not directed against any country but it is directed at defining high standard rules for the road in the region.”

“本地化（有关数据的法律）领域，强迫技术转让以及强迫（知识产权）转让，是我国与中国关系中受到重点关切的一个问题，”他表示。“但它并不仅限于中国。我方始终表明，TPP并不针对任何国家，但它意在为地区界定高标准的道路规则。”

Assuming it is ratified by the US Congress and other legislatures, the TPP would require its member countries to pass laws that make stealing trade secrets a crime. Crucially, it requires those laws to also specify theft by and from “computer systems”.

假设TPP得到美国国会和其它成员国立法机构的批准，它将要求成员国通过法律，将窃取商业机密界定为刑事罪。至关重要的是，它将要求此类法律明文针对来自和由“计算机系统”发起的窃取行为。

The TPP also requires countries to allow the unhindered flow of data across borders for most industries — bar financial services — and bans a swath of practices used by China and other countries to protect local technology companies. These include requirements for businesses to house servers and data locally, for businesses to share proprietary source code in order to secure contracts or gain access to markets, and rules mandating the use of special local encryption algorithms that could allow governments a back door into electronic devices such as smartphones.

TPP还要求成员国允许大多数行业（不包括金融服务）的数据可以不受阻碍地跨境流动，并禁止中国和其他国家为保护本土科技公司所采用的种种手段，包括要求企业在境内设置服务器和保存数据，企业为了争取合同或进入市场而不得不交出专有的源代码，以及规定必须使用本土开发的特别加密算法（这可能让政府机构从后门进入智能手机等电子设备）。

Mr Froman said the TPP would “push back at digital protectionism that we see popping up all over the world”.

弗罗曼表示，TPP将“对抗世界各地不断冒出的数字保护主义行为”。