双语畅销书《艾伦图灵传》第8章:水银延时线(119)
All this suggests that the cortex of the infant is an unorganised machine, which can be organised by suitable interfering training.
The organising might result in the modification of the machine into a universal machine or something like it.
来对其进行组织，而这种组织的结果，可能就会使机器变成通用机，或类似的东西。Although expressed in more modern terms, reflecting the great debate between the protagonists of nature and nurture, this was little more than could have come from Natural Wonders,
这段话反映了先天和后天的关系问题，虽然图灵是用现代化的术语来表达的，但在实际内容上，并不比《自然奇迹》先进很多。
According to this view, therefore, it would be possible to start with an 'unorganised' machine, which he thought of as made up in a rather random way from neuron-like components, and then 'teach' it how to behave:
总之，根据这个观点，图灵认为，机器一开始是无组织的，由一些类似神经元的组件随意搭建而成，后期需要对它进行训练：applying appropriate interference, mimicking education, we should hope to modify the machine until it could be relied on to produce definite reactions to certain commands.
……通过实施适当的干涉和模拟训练，我们就可以使机器学会对特定的命令产生特定的正确反应。The education that he had in mind was of the public school variety, by the carrot and stick that the Conservative party was currently accusing Attlee of taking away from the British donkey worker:
图灵对"训练"的认识，就是公学那种软硬兼施的方式：training of the human child depends largely on a system of rewards and punishments, and this suggests that it ought to be possible to carry through the organising with only two interfering inputs, one for 'pleasure' or 'reward' (R) and the other for 'pain' or 'punishment' (P).
……人类儿童的训练，大部分是基于奖赏与惩罚机制，这表明，在机器的组织化过程中，也应该引入两种刺激，一种是"愉悦"或者说"奖赏"（R），另一种是"痛苦"或者说"惩罚"（P）。One can devise a large number of such 'pleasure-pain' systems.
我们可以设计大量的赏罚系统sure interference has a tendency to fix the character, i.e. towards preventing it changing, whereas pain stimuli tend to disrupt the character, causing features which had become fixed to change, or to become again subject to random variation.
……愉悦刺激会强化某一行为习惯，使其不容易发生改变，而痛苦刺激则会破坏该习惯，使其发生改变is intended that pain stimuli occur when the machine's behaviour is wrong, pleasure stimuli when it is particularly right.
……也就是说，当机器的行为发生错误时，就给它痛苦刺激，而当它的行为非常正确时，就给它愉悦的刺激。With appropriate stimuli on these lines, judiciously operated by the 'teacher', one may hope that the 'character' will converge towards the one desired, i.e. that wrong behaviour will tend to become rare.
训练者通过这样的赏罚机制，就可以使机器的行为逐渐趋向于某些特定的方式，错误行为会逐渐减少。
