悲剧的诞生The Birth Of Tragedy 第3期:梦是艺术的载体
The fair illusion of the dream sphere, in the production of which every man proves himself an accomplished artist, is a precondition not only of all plastic art, but even, as we shall see presently, of a wide range of poetry.
Here we enjoy an immediate apprehension of form, all shapes speak to us directly, nothing seems indifferent or redundant.
在梦里，我们尝到直接领会形象的乐趣，所有梦中形象都对我们倾谈，无一是不重要，无一是多余的。Despite the high intensity with which these dream realities exist for us, we still have a residual sensation that they are illusions; at least such has been my experience and the frequency, not to say normality, of the experience is borne out in many passages of the poets.
但是，即使梦境的现实达到最高度时，我们仍然感到梦的若明若灭的假象，至少我的经验是如此；至于这假象的频繁及其常态，我可以征引许多例子以及诗人的话作证。
Men of philosophical disposition are known for their constant premonition that our everyday reality, too, is an illusion, hiding another, totally different kind of reality.
爱好哲理的人，甚至有一种预感；在我们生息于其间的客观现实之下，隐藏着另一种绝对不同的现实，它也是一种假象。It was Schopenhauer who considered the ability to view at certain times all men and things as mere phantoms or dream images to be the true mark of philosophic talent.
叔本华就认为：有人间或把人类和事物看作仅仅是幻影和梦景，这种天才就是哲学才能的标志。The person who is responsive to the stimuli of art behaves toward the reality of dream much the way the philosopher behaves toward the reality of existence: he observes exactly and enjoys his observations, for it is by these images that he interprets life, by these processes that he rehearses it.
所以，美感敏锐的人对梦境现实的关系，正如哲学家对生活现实的关系那样；他是一个精细而乐意的观照者，因为他从这些画景上体会到人生的意义，他凭借梦中的经历来锻炼自己对待人生。Nor is it by pleasant images only that such plausible connections are made: the whole divine comedy of life, including its somber aspects, its sudden balkings, impish accidents, anxious expectations, moves past him, not quite like a shadow play--for it is he himself, after all, who lives and suffers through these scenes--yet never without giving a fleeting sense of illusion; and I imagine that many persons have reassured themselves amidst the perils of dream by calling out, "It is a dream! I want it to go on."
这不仅是他亲自体验到了然于心的，愉快亲切的画景而已，而且一切严肃的，悲哀的，愁闷的，忧郁的情绪，突然的障碍，命运的揶揄，不安的期待，总之，人生的整部“神曲”及其“地狱篇”，都掠过他眼前，不是仅仅象镜花水月，因为他就在这些情景中生活着，苦恼着，然而仍不免有昙花一现的假象之感。也许，不少人会象我那样记得，他们在梦境的危难和恐怖中，有时会自策自励而往往成功地喊道：“是梦吧，我索性梦下去呵！”I have even heard of people spinning out the causality of one and the same dream over three or more successive nights. All these facts clearly bear witness that our innermost being, the common substratum of humanity, experiences dreams with deep delight and a sense of real necessity.
我也曾听说有人能够一连三四个晚上继续经历同一个梦的前因后果：这些事实提供了明证，可见我们的心灵深处，我们的日常生活的底层，转化为梦境，我们在梦中体会到深深的欢欣和愉快的必然。This deep and happy sense of the necessity of dream experiences was expressed by the Greeks in the image of Apollo. Apollo is at once the god of all plastic powers and the soothsaying god.
古希腊人把这种梦中经验的愉快的必然，体现在阿波罗神的身上，因为阿波罗是一切造型能力之神，同时也是预言之神。He who is etymologically the "lucent" one, the god of light, reigns also over the fair illusion of our inner world of fantasy.
阿波罗，就字源来说，意即“灿烂的神”，乃是光明之神，掌管我们内心幻象世界的美丽假象。The perfection of these conditions in contrast to our imperfectly understood waking reality, as well as our profound awareness of nature's healing powers during the interval of sleep and dream, furnishes a symbolic analogue to the soothsaying faculty and quite generally to the arts, which make life possible and worth living.
这是更高的真理，是与不可捉摸的日常生活截然不同的美满境界，是对自然在睡梦中治病救人的作用的深刻认识同时也就是预言能力乃至一切艺术的象征，由于这点，生活才有意义，才值得留恋。然而，要知道，有一条微妙的界线，是梦景所不能超越的，否则就会产生病理作用，我们会把假象误认为平凡的现实。But the image of Apollo must incorporate that thin line which the dream image may not cross, under penalty of becoming pathological, of imposing itself on us as crass reality: a discreet limitation, a freedom from all extravagant urges, the sapient tranquillity of the plastic god.
——我们在想象阿波罗的形象时不可忽略这点；这位雕塑之神表现出适度的自制，并无粗野的激情，而有智慧的静穆。His eye must be sunlike, in keeping with his origin. Even at those moments when he is angry and ill-tempered there lies upon him the consecration of fair illusion.
他的目光必须“光如旭日”，才合乎他的来源；即使当他勃然震怒或神色沮丧时，他的美貌也不失为圣洁的。In an eccentric way one might say of Apollo what Schopenhauer says, in the first part of The World as Will and Idea, of man caught in the veil of Maya: "Even as on an immense, raging sea, assailed by huge wave crests, a man sits in a little rowboat trusting his frail craft, so, amidst the furious torments of this world, the individual sits tranquilly, supported by the principium individuationis and relying on it."
所以，在某种意义上，我们不妨把叔本华论及藏在 “幻”（Maja）的幛幔中的人的话应用于阿波罗身上：“正如在无边无涯、洪涛起伏、澎湃怒吼的海洋，舟子坐在船上，托身于一叶扁舟；同样，在这痛苦的世界里；孤独的人也只好安心静座，信赖个性原则（Prinoipiumindividuationis）以支持”（见意志及表象的世界第一卷）。One might say that the unshakable confidence in that principle has received its most magnificent expression in Apollo, and that Apollo himself may be regarded as the marvelous divine image of the principium individuationis, whose looks and gestures radiate the full delight, wisdom, and beauty of "illusion."
其实，我们可以说，这种信赖自我和安心静坐的精神在梦神阿波罗身上获得最崇高的表现；我们也可以说，梦神自己就是个性原则的尊严的神象，他的表情和神色都对我们说明了“假象”的一切愉快和智慧，以及它的美。
