美贸易组织要求政府施压中国网络安全新规

HONG KONG — United States trade groups gave the Chinese government an earful last week about new policies that could hamper the ability of major technology multinationals to do business in China.

香港——上周，美国多家贸易团体联合向中国政府表达了他们对中国新政策的愤怒之情。这些政策可能会限制科技业大型跨国公司在中国开展业务的能力。

Now, the other shoe has dropped.

如今，另一只鞋子也掉了下来。

In a letter addressed to key United States officials, including Secretary of State John Kerry, Treasury Secretary Jacob J. Lew and Commerce Secretary Penny Pritzker, 17 trade groups headlined by the United States Chamber of Commerce urged the government to push back against the Chinese policies, according to a copy of the letter viewed Thursday by The New York Times.

在递交给国务卿约翰·克里(John Kerry)、财政部长雅各布·J·卢(Jacob J. Lew)，以及商务部长彭妮·普利茨克(Penny Pritzker)等美国重要官员的一封信中，由美国商会(United States Chamber of Commerce)牵头的17家贸易组织敦促美国政府对中国的政策表示抗议。《纽约时报》在周四看到了这封信的副本。

The letter called for the United States government to take “immediate action to work with Chinese officials to reverse an alarming number of troubling, new Chinese government policies impacting the information and communications technology (ICT) sector.”

信中呼吁美国政府“立即采取行动，与中国官员进行磋商，从而扭转这些将对信息与通讯技术(ICT)行业造成影响的、规模惊人且令人不安的中国政府新政策。”

The frustration felt by American companies shows how they find themselves in the middle of a deepening conflict between China and the United States over online security and technology policy. China cites disclosures from the former National Security Agency contractor Edward J. Snowden as proof of a need to push back against United States technology. Meanwhile, the American government has accused Chinese military personnel of cyberattacks designed to aid domestic companies.

美国企业的不满之情表明，由于中美两国在网络安全和科技政策上的矛盾日益加深，他们觉得自己被压在了中间。中国宣称，国家安全局(National Security Agency)前承包商雇员爱德华·J·斯诺登(Edward J. Snowden)揭露的情况证明，有必要抵制美国的技术。与此同时，美国政府指责中国军方在从事旨在帮助中国本土企业的网络攻击。

The trade groups repeated their concerns in a separate letter sent last week to a top-level Chinese Communist Party committee on cybersecurity, and called for an end to Chinese regulations that encourage the use of domestic hardware and software in Chinese companies and government agencies.

这封信表达的担忧，与这些贸易团体上周递交给负责网络安全的中国共产党的一个高级委员会的另一封信类似。文中还呼吁推动废止鼓励中国公司和政府机构使用国产软硬件的监管规定。

Arguing that the Chinese rules “will have a significant negative impact on U.S. ICT companies’ market opportunities in China,” the letter also said that the policies “raise serious questions regarding China’s international trade commitments and its bilateral commitments to the United States.”

这封信函宣称，中国的规定“将给美国的ICT企业带来显著的负面影响”，并表示，这些政策“对中国的国际贸易承诺，以及它与美国的双边承诺，提出了严重质疑。”

It added that loss of revenue from being cut off from China would in the long term damage American companies’ ability to spend on critical research and development and could ultimately bleed into other industries.

信中还称，隔绝在中国市场之外将会给美国企业造成收入损失。长期来看，这将有损于美国企业投入关键研发的能力，可能还会最终波及其他行业。

Of particular concern to American companies are new rules that would force tech companies looking to sell into China’s banking industry to submit products to invasive security tests, provide sensitive source code and use local Chinese encryption algorithms. Other potential new rules mandate the storage of data produced by Chinese companies within China and the disclosure of encryption keys to the Chinese government.

美国公司尤其关切的是，新规定会迫使希望进军中国银行业的科技企业递交产品接受深入的安全测试、提供敏感的源代码并使用中国自己的加密算法。其他一些潜在的新规定则要求存储由中国境内公司生成的数据，并向中国政府公开加密秘钥。

Since the letter sent last week to Chinese officials, it has been unclear how the United States government will respond to obvious discontent from trade groups that represent its largest high-tech champions.

自上周向中国官员发出头一封信后，尚不清楚美国政府将如何应对来自贸易团体的这种明显的不满情绪。这些团体代表着美国最大的高科技王牌企业。

One clue came at the bottom of the letter seen by The Times on Thursday. Noted as receiving copies were J. Michael Daniel, the cybersecurity coordinator at the National Security Council; Robert Holleyman, the deputy United States trade representative; and Alex Niejelow, the chief of staff to the United States intellectual property enforcement coordinator.

在时报周四看到的这封信的底部，有一条线索。那里指明，收信人中还包括美国国家安全委员会(National Security Council)网络安全协调员J·迈克尔·丹尼尔(J. Michael Daniel)、美国副贸易代表罗伯特·霍利曼(Robert Holleyman)、美国知识产权执法协调员的幕僚长亚历克斯·尼杰洛(Alex Niejelow)。

The three officials co-wrote a piece published Wednesday on the news website Politico that branded the new Chinese regulations “anticompetitive trade barriers.”

周三，新闻网站“政治人”(Politico)发表了这三名官员合写的一篇文章，其中将中国新推出的政策定性为“反竞争的贸易壁垒”。

Listing a series of points of contention between China and the United States on tech policy, the article urges China to reconsider the new rules and to cease cyberattacks. Going even further, it challenges the Chinese-endorsed model of online governance — known as Internet sovereignty — under which countries may censor, monitor and control the Internet within their borders.

文章列出了美中两国在科技政策方面存在的一系列分歧，敦促中国重新考虑新推出的规定，并停止网络攻击。文中还进一步对中国支持的网络监管模式——即“网络主权”的概念——提出了质疑。根据这一模式，国家可以在境内审查、监视并控制互联网。

“The United States will remain steadfast in our defense of Internet freedom and a multi-stakeholder-driven Internet governance model, as well as continue our support for norms of state behavior in cyberspace that facilitate international trade and commerce,” the authors wrote.

“美国将坚定不移地捍卫网络自由，以及由多方利益相关者共同驱动的网络监管模式，并将继续支持促进国际商贸的国家网络空间行为规范，”三位作者写道。

Though the article ultimately calls for cooperation between the United States and China, the numerous disagreements it brings up show how difficult it could be to reach an agreement. That raises the question of whether what is now a war of words could broaden into a war of the trade variety if the two sides cannot reach consensus over governance of the tech industry and the Internet more broadly.

尽管文章在最后呼吁美中两国展开合作，但它提出的诸多分歧显示出了双方达成一致的困难程度。这让外界怀疑，如果双方无法在科技业及更大的互联网监管问题上达成共识，当前的口水战是否会扩大成一场贸易战。