奥巴马签署制裁令应对网络威胁
Barack Obama has declared cyber threats from abroad a “national emergency”, as he took action to impose sanctions on overseas actors engaging in cyber attacks that threaten the US’s national security or economic health.
The US president’s executive order gives his government new powers to target significant cyber threats that affect critical infrastructure, disrupt the availability of websites or networks, or steal trade secrets or financial information, such as large troves of credit card data.
美国总统的行政命令赋予其政府新的权力，打击那些影响了关键基础设施、扰乱网站或网络的可用性、窃取商业机密或财务信息（比如大量信用卡数据）的严重网络威胁。US officials declined to name potential targets of the new sanctions but said, as an example, that the executive order could be used against individual hackers hired by companies or countries.
美国官员不愿指明新制裁的可能目标，但表示举例来说，该行政命令可被用于打击受公司或国家雇佣的个体黑客。
The US has already ratcheted up its response to cyber breaches, imposing additional sanctions in January on agencies and officials in North Korea, which it blamed for the breach at Sony Pictures Entertainment last year. In May 2014, it indicted five Chinese soldiers for hacking into six US companies.
美国已经逐步加大了针对网络侵入的回应力度，今年1月美国向朝鲜的机构和官员施加额外制裁，指责他们要对去年索尼影视娱乐(Sony Pictures Entertainment)受到的网络攻击负责。2014年5月，美国对5名中国军人提出刑事罪名，称其非法侵入6家美国公司的计算机系统。It is unclear whether the new authority will be used in cases that could raise political tensions, such as sanctions against Chinese officials.
目前还不清楚这项新的权力会不会被用于可能引发政治紧张的情况，比如对中国官员施加制裁。The new authority closes gaps that have posed a challenge to US law enforcement, such as cyber threats from countries that do not have extradition treaties with the US, lack strong cyber security laws or turn a blind eye to such attacks.
这项新的权力弥补了对美国执法部门构成挑战的空白，比如网络威胁的发源地国家与美国没有引渡条约，缺乏强有力的网络安全法律，或者对此类攻击视而不见。The US hopes the executive order will encourage other countries to consider such sanctions, said Michael Daniel, special assistant to the president and cyber security co-ordinator. Potential punishments include freezing assets under US jurisdiction, such as bank accounts, and prohibiting US citizens or entities from engaging in transactions with those under sanctions.
美国总统特别助理兼网络安全协调员迈克尔•丹尼尔(Michael Daniel)表示，美国希望这项行政命令将鼓励其他国家考虑此类制裁。可能的惩罚包括冻结在美国管辖范围的资产，如银行账户，以及禁止美国公民或实体与受制裁目标进行交易。A spate of devastating cyber breaches at JPMorgan Chase, Target, health insurer Anthem and others has prompted the Obama administration to encourage more information sharing on cyber threats between government agencies and with the private sector.
摩根大通(JPMorgan Chase)、Target公司、医疗保险公司Anthem等企业接连遭到的破坏性网络攻击，促使奥巴马政府鼓励政府机构与私营部门分享更多网络威胁信息。Legislation that would encourage such exchanges is again being considered in Congress. Similar bills have stalled in the past because of privacy concerns but lawmakers are hoping recent hack attacks will give new momentum to the proposals.
美国国会正再次考虑关于鼓励此类信息交流的立法。出于隐私担忧，过去类似法案曾不了了之，但立法者们希望近期的网络攻击将给予相关提案新的动力。“Cyber threats pose one of the most serious economic and national security challenges to the United States, and my administration is pursuing a comprehensive strategy to confront them,” Mr Obama said in a statement.
奥巴马在一份声明中表示：“网络威胁对美国经济和国家安全构成最严重的挑战之一，我的政府正在推行一项综合策略来应对这些威胁。”Dmitri Alperovitch, co-founder of cyber security firm CrowdStrike, said he was optimistic the new sanctions would “raise the cost to our cyber adversaries and establish a more effective deterrent framework to punish actors”.
网络安全公司CrowdStrike的联合创始人德米特里•阿尔佩罗维奇(Dmitri Alperovitch)表示，他看好新的制裁措施，它们将“增加我们的网络对手的成本，建立一个更有效的威慑框架来惩罚那些行为主体。”
