中国同意向巴基斯坦出售两个大型核反应堆

Pakistan is acquiring two large nuclear-power reactors from longtime ally China, officials said, under a $9.1 billion deal that would help the country generate sorely needed electric power and enhance its nuclear capabilities vis-a-vis neighboring rival India.

巴基斯坦官员说，巴基斯坦将从长期盟友中国获得两个大型核反应堆，价格为91亿美元，该交易将帮助巴基斯坦生产迫切需要的电力，并增强其相对于邻邦、竞争对手印度的核能力。

For Islamabad, the pact with China counters the nuclear energy accord New Delhi signed with the U.S. under the president George W. Bush. Pakistan regards that arrangement as providing India with an unfair potential strategic advantage for nuclear weapons. Both countries possess a nuclear arsenal.

对伊斯兰堡来说，与中国间签订的这一协议制衡了新德里与美国在小布什(George W. Bush)总统时期签订的能源协议。在巴基斯坦看来，印度与美国签订的这一协议让印度在核武方面获得了不公平的潜在战略优势。巴基斯坦和印度都是拥核国家。

But the expanding nuclear cooperation between the two countries has raised concern in the U.S. and others about whether China is going beyond International agreements on restricting the transfer of nuclear technology to countries, like Pakistan, who haven't signed global nuclear nonproliferation treaties.

但巴基斯坦与中国间核合作扩张一事引起了美国和其他国家的担忧，不知中国是否会突破国际上有关限制向巴基斯坦等没有签订全球核不扩散条约的国家转移核技术的限制。

Pakistani officials haven't talked publicly about this latest agreement, which was quietly signed around midyear and closed in early July, about the time Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif visited China.

巴基斯坦官员一直未曾公开谈论这一最新协议。该协议是在年中悄悄签署的，并于7月初完成最后细节的讨论，差不多正是巴基斯坦总理谢里夫(Nawaz Sharif)访华的时节。

A senior Pakistani official confirmed the pact to The Wall Street Journal, disclosing that it covers two nuclear power reactors. The accord had been rumored before, but was generally thought to entail just one reactor. Explaining the government's silence over the deal, the official added: 'I fear dirty hands will start their spoiling work.'

一名巴基斯坦高级官员向《华尔街日报》证实了该协议，并披露说，协议包括两个核反应堆。此前曾出现过关于巴基斯坦和中国签署了这样一份协议的传言，但外界普遍认为只包括一个反应堆。至于巴基斯坦政府为什么会对这一交易秘而不宣，这名官员补充说，我怕会有“脏手”伸进来搞破坏。

China's embassy in Islamabad and the Commerce Ministry in Beijing didn't respond to calls seeking comment for this article.

位于伊斯兰堡的中国驻巴基斯坦大使馆和位于北京的中国商务部都没有回复记者就本文寻求置评的电话。

The reactors covered by the deal would be technologically advanced and built outside the main port city of Karachi. They each would provide 1,000 megawatts of electricity, a big boost for power-starved Pakistan. 'Every country has this. We are also entitled,' the senior official said. 'We have to focus on adding cheaper energy supply.'

交易涉及的两个核反应堆在技术上可能相当先进，可能建在主要港口卡拉奇外。每个反应堆可能提供1,00万千瓦的电力，这对电力紧张的巴基斯坦来说是一个相当大的提振。前述高级官员说，每个国家都有这种东西，我们也有这个权利；我们必须集中精力增加更廉价的能源供应。

China would deliver the first reactor in 70 months-80 months, with the second coming 10 months later. Nuclear reactors take several years to build. They would be installed on the Karachi coast close to a small existing reactor, the senior Pakistani official said. The Chinese will provide 82% of the financing through a loan on what another Pakistani official described as very soft terms.

中国可能在70个月到80个月的时间内交付第一个反应堆，并在之后的10个月后交付第二个反应堆。建一个核反应堆通常需要几年时间。前述高级官员说，这两个核反应堆将在卡拉奇海岸装机，与现有的一个小型反应堆相邻。中国将通过一笔贷款提供82%的资金，据另一名巴基斯坦官员说，贷款的条件非常优惠。

China is Pakistan's closest ally, in a decadeslong partnership pegged by their respective disputes with India. China has assisted Pakistan's nuclear power program since the 1990s, and the two nations are alleged to have worked together on nuclear weapons technology.

中国是巴基斯坦关系最密切的盟友，因各自与印度存在争端，几十年来一直保持着伙伴关系。中国自上世纪90年代已来就协助巴基斯坦发展核力量，而且两国据称还一直在核武器技术方面存在合作。

'The cooperation [with Pakistan] is in accordance with the nonproliferation treaty and international norms,' said Su Hao, director of the Center for Strategic and Conflict Management at China Foreign Affairs University.

外交学院战略与冲突管理研究中心主任苏浩说，与巴基斯坦的合作是按照核不扩散条约和国际惯例进行的。

China belongs to the Nuclear Suppliers Group, which regulates trade in civil nuclear technology, with an eye toward nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. China says its cooperation with Pakistan predated its joining the NSG in 2004, so the alliance with Islamabad is grandfathered as an existing arrangement.

中国是核供应国集团(Nuclear Suppliers Group)的成员之一，该集团负责规制民用核技术的贸易，目的是对核武器扩散情况实施监督。中国说，该国与巴基斯坦的合作在中国2004年加入核供应国集团之前就开始了，因此中国与伊斯兰堡的结盟作为已经存在的一项安排，免受新法规限制。

But a U.S. State Department official said the group discussed China's cooperation with Pakistan in the past several plenary sessions. 'We remain concerned that a transfer of new reactors to Pakistan appears to extend beyond the cooperation that was grandfathered in when China was approved for membership in the NSG.'

但一位美国国务院官员说，该集团在过去的几次全体会议上讨论了中国与巴基斯坦的合作。他说，我们一直担心，向巴基斯坦移交新反应堆显然超过了中国获准加入核供应国集团时被授予的特权。

Pakistan says all its nuclear plants will be open to inspection from the International Atomic Energy Agency, a United Nations organization that polices nuclear safety.

巴基斯坦说，其所有核电站都愿意接受国际原子能机构(International Atomic Energy Agency)的检查。该机构是联合国下属的组织，负责监管核安全。

China has supplied Pakistan with two 300-megawatt reactors of an older design, which were completed in 2000 and 2011. It is building two more under past deals, in addition to the new 1,000-megawatt reactors. Pakistan's current nuclear energy capacity is just 725 megawatts.

中国已经向巴基斯坦供应了两座设计较为老旧、功率为30万千瓦的反应堆，分别于2000和2011年完成。除了新的100万千瓦反应堆之外，中国目前还在根据之前的协议建造另外两座反应堆。巴基斯坦当前的核能产能仅为72.5万千瓦。

A Pakistani official said the supply of power from the nuclear plants was constant, unlike hydro-electric power, another option for Pakistan. Also, the operational cost of electricity from a nuclear power station is considerably lower than the country's oil and gas-fired generation plants.

一名巴基斯坦官员说，核电站的电力供应持续稳定，这一点不同于水电站，后者是巴基斯坦的另一个选择。同时，核电站的电力运营成本大大低于该国使用石油和天然气的火电站。

Pakistan suffers a debilitating energy crisis that is starving industry of power and depriving households of basic everyday comforts. There are planned outages of 10 hours-12 hours a day, due to a roughly 5,000-megawatt gap between supply and demand. Tackling the crisis has been Mr. Sharif's top priority since taking office in June.

巴基斯坦遭遇着损害经济的能源危机，工业极度缺乏电力，家庭舒适生活的日常需要也无法得到满足。该国每天规划停电10至12小时，原因是电力供需之间存在大约500万千瓦的缺口。应对这场危机是谢里夫自今年6月上任以来的首要任务。

Beyond energy needs lies a strategic rationale. Under 2005's U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement, India, which also isn't part of the nonproliferation treaty, was granted an exemption to buy nuclear power technology.

除了能源需求之外，还有战略重要性。按照2005年的《美印民用核能合作协议》(U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement)，印度获得了购买核电技术的豁免权。印度也未签署《核不扩散条约》。

Pakistan is in a nuclear arms race with India and says the accord was discriminatory. 'The U.S.-India nuclear deal was very disturbing for the strategic stability of this region,' said Sarwar Naqvi, a former Pakistani ambassador to the IAEA. 'It put Pakistan at a disadvantage. It freed Indian uranium to be diverted to their military program.'

巴基斯坦处于与印度的核军备竞赛中，并说该协议不公平。巴基斯坦驻国际原子能机构前大使纳克维(Sarwar Naqvi)说，美印核协议极大地干扰了这一地区的战略稳定。它令巴基斯坦处于不利地位。该协议让印度的铀可以转用到军事项目上。

However, some legal complications have subsequently stalled the anticipated sale of American nuclear plants to India. These obstacles include the liability for compensation for accidents that now exists under Indian law, following the deadly 1984 accident at a chemical plant owned by Union Carbide, a U.S. company, in the Indian city of Bhopal.

然而一些法律上的复杂因素后来导致美国向印度出售核电站的交易计划停顿。这些法律障碍包括，依照印度现行法律，在发生事故的情况下所存在的补偿责任。之前在1984年，美国公司联合碳化物公司(Union Carbide)在印度城市博帕尔的化学品工厂发生事故，导致多人死亡。

'Pakistan is getting more benefits from China than India is getting from the United States so far,' said Mark Hibbs, an expert on nuclear energy at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, an independent think tank based in Washington, D.C.

华盛顿独立智库卡内基国际和平基金会(Carnegie Endowment for International Peace)核能专家海布斯(Mark Hibbs)说，迄今为止巴基斯坦从中国得到的好处大于印度从美国得到的好处。

Mr. Hibbs said that the design of the new 1,000-megawatt reactors that Pakistan will receive is untested, even in China. He added that the price tag does not suggest that Islamabad is getting any 'bargain.'

海布斯说，巴基斯坦将获得的100万千瓦新反应的设计未经检测，甚至在中国也没有检测过。他还说，这个反应堆的价格并不意味着伊斯兰堡买到了便宜货。

The Indian ministry of external affairs declined to comment on the Chinese nuclear deal with Pakistan.

印度外交部拒绝置评中国与巴基斯坦的核交易。

As part of his speech to the United Nations General Assembly last month, Prime Minister Sharif called for Pakistan to be allowed to join the Nuclear Suppliers Group. 'Pakistan qualifies for full access to civil nuclear technology for peaceful purposes, to meet its growing energy needs,' Mr. Sharif said.

巴基斯坦总理谢里夫上个月在联合国大会(United Nations General Assembly)上发表讲话时要求允许巴基斯坦加入核供应国集团。他说，巴基斯坦有资格全面获得用于和平目的的民用核技术，以满足其日渐增长的能源需求。